NUR 265 EXAM WITH 190+ QUESTIONS & CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A LATEST 2024
What is nephrotic syndrome?
A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to
pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome?
-
Massive proteinuria
-Hypoalbuminemia
-Edema (facial and periorbital)
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what?
3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with?
-immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples.
Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples.
,Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples.
Obstruction that occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys?
65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs?
-NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?
Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient?
-Low protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD?
, -HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia?
Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia?
•Metallic taste in mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
•Edema
•Dyspnea
•Paresthesia's
What effects can CKD have on the cardiac system
-HTN
-Heart failure (major problem. Call the doctor)
-Pericarditis
What effects can CKD have on the Integumentary system
-Uremic frost
What are the dietary restrictions on CKD?
-Protein (restrict early in disease process to preserve kidney function)
-Potassium
-Fluid
-Sodium
Describe hemodialysis
-3x a week- 4-5 hours
-At risk for bleeding do to heparin
-Extremely fatigued post.
ANSWERS GRADED A LATEST 2024
What is nephrotic syndrome?
A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to
pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome?
-
Massive proteinuria
-Hypoalbuminemia
-Edema (facial and periorbital)
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what?
3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with?
-immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples.
Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples.
,Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples.
Obstruction that occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys?
65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs?
-NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?
Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient?
-Low protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD?
, -HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia?
Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia?
•Metallic taste in mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
•Edema
•Dyspnea
•Paresthesia's
What effects can CKD have on the cardiac system
-HTN
-Heart failure (major problem. Call the doctor)
-Pericarditis
What effects can CKD have on the Integumentary system
-Uremic frost
What are the dietary restrictions on CKD?
-Protein (restrict early in disease process to preserve kidney function)
-Potassium
-Fluid
-Sodium
Describe hemodialysis
-3x a week- 4-5 hours
-At risk for bleeding do to heparin
-Extremely fatigued post.
