Biology 104 Final Exam Study Guide
2024 solved 100%
Fungi Evolution -Correct Answer-1. The common ancestor started in the water with flagellae.
2. Loss of motile cells. Move to land.
3. Many evolved with angiosperms over the past 100 MY
Basidiomycetes Reproduction -Correct Answer-Haploid spores are produced along the edges of the gills.
See dikaryon and basidium.
Dikaryon -Correct Answer-Used to describe the two nuclei hypha have
Basidium -Correct Answer-The region in which the nuclei of a dikaryon fuse to produce a diploid nucleus.
The nucleus then undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid spores.
The spores fall on the ground to grow into haploid hyphae, and compatible hyphae fuse and exchange
nuclei to produce dikaryons, even in mushrooms ("fruiting bodies")
Fungi Relationships with Other Organisms -Correct Answer-Can be parasites.
Can consume nematodes.
Some have evolved mutualistic relationships e.g. ants farming fungus.
Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between fungus and alga (green alga or cyanobacterium)
Mycorrhizae
,Mycorrhizae -Correct Answer-Symbiosis between fungus and plant root. The fungus helps the plant get
water and nutrients.
Ectomycorrhizae - hyphae do not penetrate roots
Endomycorrhizae - hyphae penetrate root cells
Common for basidiomycetes
The connection to angiosperms helped ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes diversify
Animals -Correct Answer-Metazoa
The most diverse of the major eukaryotic clades
Animals are multicellular, eat other organisms (heterotrophic), and digest internally.
Started in water with flagellae
Evidence begins in the late pre-Cambrian with excellent evidence in the middle Cambrian
Burgess Shale Fauna -Correct Answer-Now thought to be related to modern arthropods
Age of Animals -Correct Answer-Phylogenetic (molecular clock) estimates indicate that the lineages are
much older, so there must be a lot of fossils missing from the pre-Cambrian.
Sponges -Correct Answer-Animals that are inferred to be the sister group of all other animals
Have choanocytes that look like single-celled Choanoflagellate
, It is thought that ctenophores and placozoa are early branches
Ctenophores -Correct Answer-Comb jellies - have mouth and gut
Placozoa -Correct Answer-No mouth, no gut, no nervous system.
Choanoflagellates -Correct Answer-Closest living relatives of mammals. Single celled, but can work
together
Alternate Animal Tree -Correct Answer-Ctenophores root the tree rather than sponges. This would mean
nervous systems evolved twice.
Cniderians -Correct Answer-Corals, sea anemones, coral.
Dominant phase is diploid. Gametes are the only haploid phase.
Bilateral Symmetry -Correct Answer-Evolved from radial symmetry
Protostomes -Correct Answer-Blastopore develops into mouth (mouth first)
Ecdysozoa, Arthropods, and Insects
Deuterostomes -Correct Answer-Blastopore develops into anus (mouth second)
Chordates, echinoderms (starfish), hemichordates.
Vertebrates.
2024 solved 100%
Fungi Evolution -Correct Answer-1. The common ancestor started in the water with flagellae.
2. Loss of motile cells. Move to land.
3. Many evolved with angiosperms over the past 100 MY
Basidiomycetes Reproduction -Correct Answer-Haploid spores are produced along the edges of the gills.
See dikaryon and basidium.
Dikaryon -Correct Answer-Used to describe the two nuclei hypha have
Basidium -Correct Answer-The region in which the nuclei of a dikaryon fuse to produce a diploid nucleus.
The nucleus then undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid spores.
The spores fall on the ground to grow into haploid hyphae, and compatible hyphae fuse and exchange
nuclei to produce dikaryons, even in mushrooms ("fruiting bodies")
Fungi Relationships with Other Organisms -Correct Answer-Can be parasites.
Can consume nematodes.
Some have evolved mutualistic relationships e.g. ants farming fungus.
Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between fungus and alga (green alga or cyanobacterium)
Mycorrhizae
,Mycorrhizae -Correct Answer-Symbiosis between fungus and plant root. The fungus helps the plant get
water and nutrients.
Ectomycorrhizae - hyphae do not penetrate roots
Endomycorrhizae - hyphae penetrate root cells
Common for basidiomycetes
The connection to angiosperms helped ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes diversify
Animals -Correct Answer-Metazoa
The most diverse of the major eukaryotic clades
Animals are multicellular, eat other organisms (heterotrophic), and digest internally.
Started in water with flagellae
Evidence begins in the late pre-Cambrian with excellent evidence in the middle Cambrian
Burgess Shale Fauna -Correct Answer-Now thought to be related to modern arthropods
Age of Animals -Correct Answer-Phylogenetic (molecular clock) estimates indicate that the lineages are
much older, so there must be a lot of fossils missing from the pre-Cambrian.
Sponges -Correct Answer-Animals that are inferred to be the sister group of all other animals
Have choanocytes that look like single-celled Choanoflagellate
, It is thought that ctenophores and placozoa are early branches
Ctenophores -Correct Answer-Comb jellies - have mouth and gut
Placozoa -Correct Answer-No mouth, no gut, no nervous system.
Choanoflagellates -Correct Answer-Closest living relatives of mammals. Single celled, but can work
together
Alternate Animal Tree -Correct Answer-Ctenophores root the tree rather than sponges. This would mean
nervous systems evolved twice.
Cniderians -Correct Answer-Corals, sea anemones, coral.
Dominant phase is diploid. Gametes are the only haploid phase.
Bilateral Symmetry -Correct Answer-Evolved from radial symmetry
Protostomes -Correct Answer-Blastopore develops into mouth (mouth first)
Ecdysozoa, Arthropods, and Insects
Deuterostomes -Correct Answer-Blastopore develops into anus (mouth second)
Chordates, echinoderms (starfish), hemichordates.
Vertebrates.
