UNIT I PROBLEM SOLVING
Introduction to AI - AI Applications - Problem solving agents – search algorithms – uninformed search
strategies – Heuristic search strategies – Local search and optimization problems – adversarial search –
constraint satisfaction problems (CSP)
1.1 Introduction to AI
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking
power."
So, we can define AI as:
"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning, and
solving problems.
With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to pre-program a machine to do some work, despite that you
can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
o Create software or devices which can solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy
such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
o Create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
o Build Robots which can work in an environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
, o Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an
intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception,
language understanding, etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the following
discipline:
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
o High Accuracy with less errors: Prone to less errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-
experience or information.
o High-Speed: Very high-speed and fast-decision making, can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
o High reliability: Can perform the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: Can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor,
where to employ a human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: Provide digital assistant to the users such as AI technology is currently used by various
E-commerce websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
,o Useful as a public utility: A self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-
language, etc.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot work
out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.
o No feelings and emotions: So it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting more
dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
o No Original Creativity: AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be
creative and imaginative.
1.2 AI Applications
1. AI in Astronomy
o Useful to solve complex universe problems. Helpful for understanding the universe such as how it
works, origin, etc.
2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming
o The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large
number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance
o The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading,
and machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the
digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as
AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.
, 6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which
need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive
amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement
of different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport
o Capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-
powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast
response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your
journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics:
o With the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own
experiences without pre-programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot
named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
10. AI in Entertainment
o Some entertainment services are Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these
services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result.
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis.
12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or even
brand.
13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
Introduction to AI - AI Applications - Problem solving agents – search algorithms – uninformed search
strategies – Heuristic search strategies – Local search and optimization problems – adversarial search –
constraint satisfaction problems (CSP)
1.1 Introduction to AI
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking
power."
So, we can define AI as:
"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning, and
solving problems.
With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to pre-program a machine to do some work, despite that you
can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
o Create software or devices which can solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy
such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
o Create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
o Build Robots which can work in an environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
, o Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an
intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception,
language understanding, etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the following
discipline:
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
o High Accuracy with less errors: Prone to less errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-
experience or information.
o High-Speed: Very high-speed and fast-decision making, can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
o High reliability: Can perform the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: Can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor,
where to employ a human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: Provide digital assistant to the users such as AI technology is currently used by various
E-commerce websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
,o Useful as a public utility: A self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-
language, etc.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot work
out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.
o No feelings and emotions: So it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting more
dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
o No Original Creativity: AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be
creative and imaginative.
1.2 AI Applications
1. AI in Astronomy
o Useful to solve complex universe problems. Helpful for understanding the universe such as how it
works, origin, etc.
2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming
o The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large
number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance
o The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading,
and machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the
digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as
AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.
, 6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which
need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive
amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement
of different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport
o Capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-
powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast
response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your
journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics:
o With the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own
experiences without pre-programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot
named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
10. AI in Entertainment
o Some entertainment services are Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these
services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result.
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis.
12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or even
brand.
13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
