BIOS 252 / BIOS252 Anatomy and Physiology II
Exam Review| Rated A Guide with Verified
Answers (2023/ 2024 Update) -Chamberlain
Anatomy - ANSWER The study of structure
Physiology - ANSWER The study of function
Homeostasis - ANSWER Adjusting to maintain a constant internal environment
that makes possible optimal functioning
4 General Types of Tissue - ANSWER 1. Connective 2. Muscular 3. Nervous 4.
Epithelial
Organ - ANSWER When two different types of tissue work together
Central Nervous System - ANSWER The Brain and Spinal Cord. The control room.
Peripheral Nervous System - ANSWER Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves
(Everything else besides brain and spinal cord). Sensory and motor functions.
Sensory - ANSWER (Afferent) Somatic: skin, skeletal muscles, joints
Visceral: internal organs
Motor - ANSWER (Efferent) Somatic: skeletal muscles
Autonomic: smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscles, glands
Myelin Sheath - ANSWER Whitish, fatty (protein-lipid) segmented coating around
most (not all) long axon that is made out of other cells that are not neurons.
Functions of the Myelin Sheath - ANSWER 1. Protect the axon
2.Electrically insulate fibers
3. Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
Fascicles - ANSWER Bundles of axons
Types of neuroglia cells in the CNS - ANSWER 1. Astrocytes
2. Microglia
3. Oligodendrocyte
4. Ependymal Cells
* These cells CANNOT generate action potential
Astrocytes - ANSWER Support and brace neurons, and control the chemical
environment
, Microglia - ANSWER The immune cells of the CNS. They phagocytose.
Oligodendrocytes - ANSWER The insulators of the thick neurons. Responsible for
the myelin sheath of the CNS.
Ependymal Cells - ANSWER Cells responsible for circulating the CSF. Line the
central cavities of the brain and spinal column. Bring in nutrients and filter out waste.
Hydrocephalous - ANSWER A condition in which there is excess cerebropspinal
fluid in the brain. The result of ependymal cells not functioning properly.
Types of neuroglia cells in the PNS - ANSWER 1. Schwann Cells
2. Satellite Cells
* These cells CANNOT generate action potential
Schwann Cells - ANSWER Surround and insulate the axons of the PNS
Satellite Cells - ANSWER Support insulate and nourish cell bodies of the PNS
Voltage (V) - ANSWER The measure of differences in electrical potential energy
generated by separate charges. (Potential across the membrane)
Current (I) - ANSWER The flow of electrical charges between two points. (Ions)
Resistance (R) - ANSWER Hindrance to charge flow. (Membrane permeability)
Types of Ion Channels - ANSWER 1. Leak Channels
2. Chemically (ligand)-gated Channels
3. Voltage-gated Channels
4. Mechanically-gated Channels
Leak Channels - ANSWER Ion channels that are always open.
Chemically (ligand)-gated Channels - ANSWER Ion channels that opens when a
specific ligand bonds to it. Closed in a resting state. Can be ion-specific or not.
Voltage-gated Channels - ANSWER Ion channels that are opened if the voltage
outside the cell changes. Always ion selective. Gates can be opened or closed at
different speeds.
Mechanically Gated Channels - ANSWER Ion channels that physically open up in
the presence of a stimulus (temp, touch, vibration, etc). Found in sensory receptors.
Sodium/Potassium Pump - ANSWER Brings two molecules of K+ in and three
molecules of Na+ out. Acts to reserve an electrical gradient. It works against the the
gradient and thus requires ATP.
Depolarization - ANSWER Making the cell less potential
Exam Review| Rated A Guide with Verified
Answers (2023/ 2024 Update) -Chamberlain
Anatomy - ANSWER The study of structure
Physiology - ANSWER The study of function
Homeostasis - ANSWER Adjusting to maintain a constant internal environment
that makes possible optimal functioning
4 General Types of Tissue - ANSWER 1. Connective 2. Muscular 3. Nervous 4.
Epithelial
Organ - ANSWER When two different types of tissue work together
Central Nervous System - ANSWER The Brain and Spinal Cord. The control room.
Peripheral Nervous System - ANSWER Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves
(Everything else besides brain and spinal cord). Sensory and motor functions.
Sensory - ANSWER (Afferent) Somatic: skin, skeletal muscles, joints
Visceral: internal organs
Motor - ANSWER (Efferent) Somatic: skeletal muscles
Autonomic: smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscles, glands
Myelin Sheath - ANSWER Whitish, fatty (protein-lipid) segmented coating around
most (not all) long axon that is made out of other cells that are not neurons.
Functions of the Myelin Sheath - ANSWER 1. Protect the axon
2.Electrically insulate fibers
3. Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
Fascicles - ANSWER Bundles of axons
Types of neuroglia cells in the CNS - ANSWER 1. Astrocytes
2. Microglia
3. Oligodendrocyte
4. Ependymal Cells
* These cells CANNOT generate action potential
Astrocytes - ANSWER Support and brace neurons, and control the chemical
environment
, Microglia - ANSWER The immune cells of the CNS. They phagocytose.
Oligodendrocytes - ANSWER The insulators of the thick neurons. Responsible for
the myelin sheath of the CNS.
Ependymal Cells - ANSWER Cells responsible for circulating the CSF. Line the
central cavities of the brain and spinal column. Bring in nutrients and filter out waste.
Hydrocephalous - ANSWER A condition in which there is excess cerebropspinal
fluid in the brain. The result of ependymal cells not functioning properly.
Types of neuroglia cells in the PNS - ANSWER 1. Schwann Cells
2. Satellite Cells
* These cells CANNOT generate action potential
Schwann Cells - ANSWER Surround and insulate the axons of the PNS
Satellite Cells - ANSWER Support insulate and nourish cell bodies of the PNS
Voltage (V) - ANSWER The measure of differences in electrical potential energy
generated by separate charges. (Potential across the membrane)
Current (I) - ANSWER The flow of electrical charges between two points. (Ions)
Resistance (R) - ANSWER Hindrance to charge flow. (Membrane permeability)
Types of Ion Channels - ANSWER 1. Leak Channels
2. Chemically (ligand)-gated Channels
3. Voltage-gated Channels
4. Mechanically-gated Channels
Leak Channels - ANSWER Ion channels that are always open.
Chemically (ligand)-gated Channels - ANSWER Ion channels that opens when a
specific ligand bonds to it. Closed in a resting state. Can be ion-specific or not.
Voltage-gated Channels - ANSWER Ion channels that are opened if the voltage
outside the cell changes. Always ion selective. Gates can be opened or closed at
different speeds.
Mechanically Gated Channels - ANSWER Ion channels that physically open up in
the presence of a stimulus (temp, touch, vibration, etc). Found in sensory receptors.
Sodium/Potassium Pump - ANSWER Brings two molecules of K+ in and three
molecules of Na+ out. Acts to reserve an electrical gradient. It works against the the
gradient and thus requires ATP.
Depolarization - ANSWER Making the cell less potential
