Test Bank For Evolve resources for Ethics & Issues In
Contemporary Nursing
Virtue Ethics - ANSWER Theories of ethics, usually attributed to Aristotle, that
represent the idea that an individual's actions are based upon innate moral virtue
Character Ethics - ANSWER Theories of ethics, sometimes called virtue ethics,
that are related to the concept of innate moral virtue
Focal Virtues (I don't think I need this in here) - ANSWER This is the big, green
header, which is right after Virtue Ethics and Character Ethics, on Pg. 49 and it
contains the next 4 words being Compassion, Discernment, Trustworthiness, and
Integrity
Compassion - ANSWER A focal virtue combining an attitude of active regard for
another's welfare with an imaginative awareness and emotional response of deep
sympathy, tenderness, and discomfort at the other person's misfortune or suffering
Discernment - ANSWER A focal virtue of sensitive insight, acute judgment and
understanding that results in decisive action
Trustworthiness - ANSWER A focal virtue that results in recognition by others of
one's consistency and predictability in following moral norms
Integrity - ANSWER Refers to adherence to moral norms that is sustained over
time. Implicit in this is trustworthiness and a consistency of convictions, actions, and
emotions
Privacy (I don't think I need this in here) - ANSWER (This is right before
Confidentiality, but I am not sure if it is necessary for it to be in there, yet it goes right
along with what Confidentiality truly is)
- Refers to the right of an individual to control the personal information or secrets that
are disclosed to others
Confidentiality - ANSWER The ethical principle that requires nondisclosure of
private or secret information with which one is entrusted. In research, it refers to the
researcher's assurance to participants that information provided will not be made
public or available to anyone other than those involved in the research process
without the participant's consent
Limits of Confidentiality - ANSWER - There are arguments that favor questioning
the absolute obligation of confidentiality in certain situations
--> these arguments include theories related to the principles of harm and
vulnerability
, ~~> The harm principle can be applied when the nurse or other professional
recognizes that maintaining confidentiality will result in preventable wrongful hard to
innocent others
==> Ex: Mandatory premarital testing for syphilis, for example, is intended to prevent
the spread of a serious communicable disease to innocent babies and spouses
++> In this instance, society chooses to override the privacy of the individual to
protect the health of the innocent
~~> The harm principle is strengthened when one considers the vulnerability of the
innocent. The duty to protect others from harm is stronger t=when the third party is
dependent on others or is in some way especially vulnerable. This duty is called the
Vulnerability Principle
Vulnerability implies risk or susceptibility to harm when vulnerable individuals have a
relative inability to protect themselves
--> Ex: For example, nurses have an absolute duty to report child abuse. Because
children are dependent and vulnerable, they are at greater risk of harm.
- Coupling of the harm principle with the Vulnerability Principle produces a rather
strong argument for abandoning the principle of Confidentiality in certain instances
- Actions that are considered ethical are not always found to be legal. Though there
is an ethical basis for subsuming the principle of Confidentiality in special
circumstances, and there is some legal precedent for doing so, there is legal risk to
disclosing sensitive information. There is dynamic tension between the patient's right
to Confidentiality and the duty to warn innocent others. Nurses need to recognize
that careful consideration of the eth
Justice (Medical Justice) - ANSWER An ethical principle that relates to fair,
equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to persons,
recognizing that giving to some will deny receipt to others who might otherwise have
received these things. In research, it implies the rights of fair treatment and privacy,
including anonymity and confidentiality
Distributive Justice - ANSWER - Application of an ethical principle that relates to
fair, equitable, and appropriate distribution in society, determined by justified norms
that structure the terms of social cooperation. Its scope includes policies that allot
diverse benefits and burdens such as property, resources, taxation, privileges, and
opportunities
- Unfortunately, there is a finite supply of goods and services, and it is impossible for
all people to have everything they might want or need
--> One of the primary purposes of governing systems is to formulate and enforce
policies that deal with fair and equitable distribution of scarce resources
--> Decisions about this are made on a variety of levels.
~~> The government is responsible for deciding policy about broad public health
access issues, such as children's immunization and Medicare for the elderly
~~>Hospitals and other organizations formulate policy on an institutional level and
deal with issues such as how decisions will be made concerning who will occupy
intensive care beds and which types of patients will be accepted in emergency
rooms
~~> Nurses and other health care providers frequently make decisions of this
_______________ on an individual basis
==> Ex: For example, having assessed the needs of patients, nurses decide how
best to allocate their time (a scarce resource)
Contemporary Nursing
Virtue Ethics - ANSWER Theories of ethics, usually attributed to Aristotle, that
represent the idea that an individual's actions are based upon innate moral virtue
Character Ethics - ANSWER Theories of ethics, sometimes called virtue ethics,
that are related to the concept of innate moral virtue
Focal Virtues (I don't think I need this in here) - ANSWER This is the big, green
header, which is right after Virtue Ethics and Character Ethics, on Pg. 49 and it
contains the next 4 words being Compassion, Discernment, Trustworthiness, and
Integrity
Compassion - ANSWER A focal virtue combining an attitude of active regard for
another's welfare with an imaginative awareness and emotional response of deep
sympathy, tenderness, and discomfort at the other person's misfortune or suffering
Discernment - ANSWER A focal virtue of sensitive insight, acute judgment and
understanding that results in decisive action
Trustworthiness - ANSWER A focal virtue that results in recognition by others of
one's consistency and predictability in following moral norms
Integrity - ANSWER Refers to adherence to moral norms that is sustained over
time. Implicit in this is trustworthiness and a consistency of convictions, actions, and
emotions
Privacy (I don't think I need this in here) - ANSWER (This is right before
Confidentiality, but I am not sure if it is necessary for it to be in there, yet it goes right
along with what Confidentiality truly is)
- Refers to the right of an individual to control the personal information or secrets that
are disclosed to others
Confidentiality - ANSWER The ethical principle that requires nondisclosure of
private or secret information with which one is entrusted. In research, it refers to the
researcher's assurance to participants that information provided will not be made
public or available to anyone other than those involved in the research process
without the participant's consent
Limits of Confidentiality - ANSWER - There are arguments that favor questioning
the absolute obligation of confidentiality in certain situations
--> these arguments include theories related to the principles of harm and
vulnerability
, ~~> The harm principle can be applied when the nurse or other professional
recognizes that maintaining confidentiality will result in preventable wrongful hard to
innocent others
==> Ex: Mandatory premarital testing for syphilis, for example, is intended to prevent
the spread of a serious communicable disease to innocent babies and spouses
++> In this instance, society chooses to override the privacy of the individual to
protect the health of the innocent
~~> The harm principle is strengthened when one considers the vulnerability of the
innocent. The duty to protect others from harm is stronger t=when the third party is
dependent on others or is in some way especially vulnerable. This duty is called the
Vulnerability Principle
Vulnerability implies risk or susceptibility to harm when vulnerable individuals have a
relative inability to protect themselves
--> Ex: For example, nurses have an absolute duty to report child abuse. Because
children are dependent and vulnerable, they are at greater risk of harm.
- Coupling of the harm principle with the Vulnerability Principle produces a rather
strong argument for abandoning the principle of Confidentiality in certain instances
- Actions that are considered ethical are not always found to be legal. Though there
is an ethical basis for subsuming the principle of Confidentiality in special
circumstances, and there is some legal precedent for doing so, there is legal risk to
disclosing sensitive information. There is dynamic tension between the patient's right
to Confidentiality and the duty to warn innocent others. Nurses need to recognize
that careful consideration of the eth
Justice (Medical Justice) - ANSWER An ethical principle that relates to fair,
equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to persons,
recognizing that giving to some will deny receipt to others who might otherwise have
received these things. In research, it implies the rights of fair treatment and privacy,
including anonymity and confidentiality
Distributive Justice - ANSWER - Application of an ethical principle that relates to
fair, equitable, and appropriate distribution in society, determined by justified norms
that structure the terms of social cooperation. Its scope includes policies that allot
diverse benefits and burdens such as property, resources, taxation, privileges, and
opportunities
- Unfortunately, there is a finite supply of goods and services, and it is impossible for
all people to have everything they might want or need
--> One of the primary purposes of governing systems is to formulate and enforce
policies that deal with fair and equitable distribution of scarce resources
--> Decisions about this are made on a variety of levels.
~~> The government is responsible for deciding policy about broad public health
access issues, such as children's immunization and Medicare for the elderly
~~>Hospitals and other organizations formulate policy on an institutional level and
deal with issues such as how decisions will be made concerning who will occupy
intensive care beds and which types of patients will be accepted in emergency
rooms
~~> Nurses and other health care providers frequently make decisions of this
_______________ on an individual basis
==> Ex: For example, having assessed the needs of patients, nurses decide how
best to allocate their time (a scarce resource)
