Test Bank For McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology,
9th - 2024 All Chapters
What are the 2 types of immunity? - ANSWER 1. innate resistance
2. adaptive (acquired) immune system
What is innate immunity? - ANSWER Natural barriers and the inflammatory
response (1st & 2nd line of defense)
-what we are born with
ex: specialized epithelial surfaces help protect against damage/infection, if it gets
damaged, we have local/systemic responses called inflammation
What is adaptive (acquired) immunity? - ANSWER consists of immune cells and
antibodies that recognize, process, remember and destroy antigens or the bad guys
slow to develop and constantly evolving b/c it requires memory, they learn new
things and provide long-term protection
we are not born with it, we gain it over time
What is the first line of immune defense? - ANSWER 1. Natural barriers: Skin and
mucous membranes
2. Biochemical barriers
What is the second line of immune defense? - ANSWER inflammation
What is the third line of immune defense? - ANSWER adaptive (acquired)
immunity
What are the physical and mechanical barriers that make up the first line of the
body's immune defense? - ANSWER linings, so skin and mucosal epithelial cells,
of the GI, GU, and respiratory tract
- skin and mucosal epithelial cells are really important for preventing microbes from
sneaking in between cells and getting into underlying tissues
How does skin and mucosal epithelial cells contribute to the body's immune
defense? (4 things) - ANSWER 1. Sloughing: "washing off" and getting rid of
microbes that are on them
2. Mechanical cleansing: cleaning of surfaces of GI tract like vomiting and urinating
,3. Goblet cells in respiratory tract- secrete mucous that coats surface of epithelial
cells and adds extra layer of protection, traps organisms, and then sloughing off
4. Low skin temp: bacteria loves warm temperatures so - prohibits growth of
microbes since they prefer to grow in warm temps
What do epithelial-derived chemicals synthesize and secrete? - ANSWER they
synthesize and secrete substances to trap & destroy microorganisms
All biochemical barrier secretions contribute to... - ANSWER acid skin surfaces
bacteria/microbes don't want to be in an acidic environment
What are examples of epithelial-derived chemicals? - ANSWER sweat
saliva
tears
earwax
microbial peptide
How does sweat contribute to the immune system? - ANSWER contains
antibacterial and anti-fungal fatty acids and lactic acids which invaders do not like
What does saliva, tears, and earwax contain that helps the immune system? -
ANSWER contain lysosomes that attack gram positive bacteria
What are antimicrobial peptides? - ANSWER biochemical barrier secretion
secreted from epithelial cells
- 2 classes based on structures
- both are toxic to bacteria, fungi, viruses,
- both types of secretions can activate innate and adaptive immunity cells
What are the 2 main classes of antimicrobial peptides? - ANSWER 1. cathelicidins
2. defensins
What are Cathelicidins? Where are they stored? - ANSWER - stored in in
neutrophils, mast cells, and epithelial cells
- work to insert themselves into bacterial membranes to disrupt/destroy them
What are Defensins? Where are they located? - ANSWER 1. Alpha-defensins in
neutrophil granules- activation needed by proteolytic enzymes
,2. β-defensins in epithelial cells- immediately active upon synthesis
they work to kill bacteria or inhibit their growth
What are collectins in the lungs? What is their job? - ANSWER specialized
epithelial chemical-
glycoproteins produced by lungs
- work by binding to many different receptor proteins which allows them to bind to
many different pathogens and recognize them
- once they are bound they facilitate recognition to pathogen by macrophage,
increasing ability of macrophage to attach to pathogen and then phagocytosis occurs
Are bacteria considered a biochemical barrier? - ANSWER yes! we have normal
microbiome
What is a normal microbiome? - ANSWER body surfaces are colonized with
microorganisms
normal flora "good bacteria/fungi" that lives in our body that secrete chemicals that
support the immune system
What relationships can this normal microbiome have with our body? - ANSWER 1.
mutualistic
2. opportunistic
What is a mutualistic relationship of normal microbiome with our body? - ANSWER
living arrangement is beneficial to both organisms (they do not usually cause
disease, but instead protect us from worse microbes)
-beneficial to normal flora b/c they are able to survive due to the environment we
provide
What is an opportunistic relationship with normal microbiome and our bodies? -
ANSWER Usually provide benefit by fighting off other microbes- under normal
circumstances
BUT given the chance, immunocompromised, they can infect/harm us :(
What is an example of a mutualistic relationship of normal microbiome? - ANSWER
Colon starts off sterile but colonized during the first year of life with a variety of
organisms that have a mutualistic relationship.
- helps digest fatty acids, polysaccharides,
- produces vitamin K
, - absorbs nutrients and ions
How does colon normal microbiome add to innate immunity? - ANSWER -
Compete with other pathogens for nutrients and block attachments of other
pathogens to the epithelium (bacteriocins) that inhibit colonization by bad pathogens
How does colon normal microbiome add to adaptive immunity? - ANSWER by
inducing growth of gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- using broad spectrum of antibiotics we are interfering with our normal microbiome
and allowing bad pathogens to see weak points in defense and allowing
opportunistic bacteria to take over
What is an example of an opportunistic relationship of microbes? - ANSWER
Pseudomonas aeruginosa = normal microbiome member on the skin
Helpful at defending against staphylococcal infections (among other bacteria) by
producing a substance that is toxic to them
If given the chance, a patient suffers burns that compromise the integrity of the skin,
P. aeruginosa will invade and can cause life-threating systemic infection
Review: What is the second line of immune defense? - ANSWER Inflammation
Is inflammation specific or non-specific? What does that mean? - ANSWER Non-
specific!
Takes place the same way, regardless of the type of stimulus or whether exposure to
the same stimulus has occurred in the past
Is an inflammation response initiated quickly or slowly? - ANSWER rapidly initiated
Is inflammation memory driven or no? - ANSWER no memory! treats everything
the same way
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation? - ANSWER 1. redness
2. heat
3. swelling
4. pain
Where does inflammation occur? - ANSWER in tissues with blood supply as blood
supply is like a highway to get inflammatory responders to the scene
What are the 3 vascular responses that occur during the inflammatory response? -
ANSWER 1. blood vessel dilation, immediately followed by vasoconstriction
9th - 2024 All Chapters
What are the 2 types of immunity? - ANSWER 1. innate resistance
2. adaptive (acquired) immune system
What is innate immunity? - ANSWER Natural barriers and the inflammatory
response (1st & 2nd line of defense)
-what we are born with
ex: specialized epithelial surfaces help protect against damage/infection, if it gets
damaged, we have local/systemic responses called inflammation
What is adaptive (acquired) immunity? - ANSWER consists of immune cells and
antibodies that recognize, process, remember and destroy antigens or the bad guys
slow to develop and constantly evolving b/c it requires memory, they learn new
things and provide long-term protection
we are not born with it, we gain it over time
What is the first line of immune defense? - ANSWER 1. Natural barriers: Skin and
mucous membranes
2. Biochemical barriers
What is the second line of immune defense? - ANSWER inflammation
What is the third line of immune defense? - ANSWER adaptive (acquired)
immunity
What are the physical and mechanical barriers that make up the first line of the
body's immune defense? - ANSWER linings, so skin and mucosal epithelial cells,
of the GI, GU, and respiratory tract
- skin and mucosal epithelial cells are really important for preventing microbes from
sneaking in between cells and getting into underlying tissues
How does skin and mucosal epithelial cells contribute to the body's immune
defense? (4 things) - ANSWER 1. Sloughing: "washing off" and getting rid of
microbes that are on them
2. Mechanical cleansing: cleaning of surfaces of GI tract like vomiting and urinating
,3. Goblet cells in respiratory tract- secrete mucous that coats surface of epithelial
cells and adds extra layer of protection, traps organisms, and then sloughing off
4. Low skin temp: bacteria loves warm temperatures so - prohibits growth of
microbes since they prefer to grow in warm temps
What do epithelial-derived chemicals synthesize and secrete? - ANSWER they
synthesize and secrete substances to trap & destroy microorganisms
All biochemical barrier secretions contribute to... - ANSWER acid skin surfaces
bacteria/microbes don't want to be in an acidic environment
What are examples of epithelial-derived chemicals? - ANSWER sweat
saliva
tears
earwax
microbial peptide
How does sweat contribute to the immune system? - ANSWER contains
antibacterial and anti-fungal fatty acids and lactic acids which invaders do not like
What does saliva, tears, and earwax contain that helps the immune system? -
ANSWER contain lysosomes that attack gram positive bacteria
What are antimicrobial peptides? - ANSWER biochemical barrier secretion
secreted from epithelial cells
- 2 classes based on structures
- both are toxic to bacteria, fungi, viruses,
- both types of secretions can activate innate and adaptive immunity cells
What are the 2 main classes of antimicrobial peptides? - ANSWER 1. cathelicidins
2. defensins
What are Cathelicidins? Where are they stored? - ANSWER - stored in in
neutrophils, mast cells, and epithelial cells
- work to insert themselves into bacterial membranes to disrupt/destroy them
What are Defensins? Where are they located? - ANSWER 1. Alpha-defensins in
neutrophil granules- activation needed by proteolytic enzymes
,2. β-defensins in epithelial cells- immediately active upon synthesis
they work to kill bacteria or inhibit their growth
What are collectins in the lungs? What is their job? - ANSWER specialized
epithelial chemical-
glycoproteins produced by lungs
- work by binding to many different receptor proteins which allows them to bind to
many different pathogens and recognize them
- once they are bound they facilitate recognition to pathogen by macrophage,
increasing ability of macrophage to attach to pathogen and then phagocytosis occurs
Are bacteria considered a biochemical barrier? - ANSWER yes! we have normal
microbiome
What is a normal microbiome? - ANSWER body surfaces are colonized with
microorganisms
normal flora "good bacteria/fungi" that lives in our body that secrete chemicals that
support the immune system
What relationships can this normal microbiome have with our body? - ANSWER 1.
mutualistic
2. opportunistic
What is a mutualistic relationship of normal microbiome with our body? - ANSWER
living arrangement is beneficial to both organisms (they do not usually cause
disease, but instead protect us from worse microbes)
-beneficial to normal flora b/c they are able to survive due to the environment we
provide
What is an opportunistic relationship with normal microbiome and our bodies? -
ANSWER Usually provide benefit by fighting off other microbes- under normal
circumstances
BUT given the chance, immunocompromised, they can infect/harm us :(
What is an example of a mutualistic relationship of normal microbiome? - ANSWER
Colon starts off sterile but colonized during the first year of life with a variety of
organisms that have a mutualistic relationship.
- helps digest fatty acids, polysaccharides,
- produces vitamin K
, - absorbs nutrients and ions
How does colon normal microbiome add to innate immunity? - ANSWER -
Compete with other pathogens for nutrients and block attachments of other
pathogens to the epithelium (bacteriocins) that inhibit colonization by bad pathogens
How does colon normal microbiome add to adaptive immunity? - ANSWER by
inducing growth of gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- using broad spectrum of antibiotics we are interfering with our normal microbiome
and allowing bad pathogens to see weak points in defense and allowing
opportunistic bacteria to take over
What is an example of an opportunistic relationship of microbes? - ANSWER
Pseudomonas aeruginosa = normal microbiome member on the skin
Helpful at defending against staphylococcal infections (among other bacteria) by
producing a substance that is toxic to them
If given the chance, a patient suffers burns that compromise the integrity of the skin,
P. aeruginosa will invade and can cause life-threating systemic infection
Review: What is the second line of immune defense? - ANSWER Inflammation
Is inflammation specific or non-specific? What does that mean? - ANSWER Non-
specific!
Takes place the same way, regardless of the type of stimulus or whether exposure to
the same stimulus has occurred in the past
Is an inflammation response initiated quickly or slowly? - ANSWER rapidly initiated
Is inflammation memory driven or no? - ANSWER no memory! treats everything
the same way
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation? - ANSWER 1. redness
2. heat
3. swelling
4. pain
Where does inflammation occur? - ANSWER in tissues with blood supply as blood
supply is like a highway to get inflammatory responders to the scene
What are the 3 vascular responses that occur during the inflammatory response? -
ANSWER 1. blood vessel dilation, immediately followed by vasoconstriction
