Human Anatomy and Physiology I: Mid-
term exam
Regional Anatomy - ANSWER study of the human body area by area; type of
study of the human body done in medical school
systemic anatomy - ANSWER study of the human body system by system; type of
study of the human body done in anatomy classes
Anatomy - ANSWER investigation of the body's structure
Physiology - ANSWER investigation of the processes of living things; goal is to
predict the body's response to stimuli and understand how the body maintains
homeostasis
Levels of Organization of the human body - ANSWER molecule, cell, tissue, organ,
organ system, organism
muscular system - ANSWER produces body movements, maintains posture, and
produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
Lymphatic system - ANSWER removes foreign substances from the blood and
lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from
digestive tract. Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic
organs.
respiratory system - ANSWER Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory
passages.
Endocrine system - ANSWER A major regulatory system that influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands,
such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Cardiovascular system - ANSWER transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in immune response and the
regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Urinary System - ANSWER Removes waste products from the blood and regulates
blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder,
and ducts that carry urine.
Six characteristics of life - ANSWER organization, metabolism, responsiveness,
growth, development vs. differentiation, reproduction
,organization - ANSWER specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism
and how these parts interact to perform specific functions
metabolism - ANSWER ability to use energy and perform vital functions-includes
all of the chemical reactions taking place in cells and in the internal environment of
an organism
responsiveness - ANSWER ability to sense changes in the internal or external
environment and adjust to those changes (ex. sweating, moving toward food or away
from danger, etc.)
growth - ANSWER increase in size and/or number of cells resulting in an overall
enlargement of all or part of the organism (ex. muscles and exercise)
development - ANSWER changes in an organism over time; begins at fertilization
and ends at death; most happens before birth; involves growth, differentiation, and
morphogenesis
differentiation - ANSWER change in a cell structure and function from general
(immature) to specialized (mature)
morphogenesis - ANSWER change in shape of tissues, organs
reproduction - ANSWER formation of new cells or new organisms; reproduction of
cells allows for growth and development; reproduction of an organism allows
passage of genes from one generation to the next
Homeostasis - ANSWER Values of external environmental conditions (called
variables, such as hot or cold temps) fluctuate around the set point (ideal normal
value) to establish a normal range of values
Positive feedback - ANSWER increases deviation from set point (examples:
oxytocin/contractions, bleeding/blood pressure)
negative feedback - ANSWER decreases deviation from set point (examples: body
temperature, blood calcium (PTH/calcitonin), blood sugar (insulin/glucagon))
receptor - ANSWER monitors value of some variable→ (body temp, blood glucose,
blood calcium, etc.)
control center - ANSWER establishes the set point (many times, this is the
hypothalamus of the brain)
effector - ANSWER changes the value of the variable (many times, this is an
endocrine gland: parathyroids, thyroid, pancreas, etc.)
anatomical position - ANSWER Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms
facing forward, arms at sides
Superior - ANSWER toward the head
, inferior - ANSWER away from the head
medial - ANSWER toward the midline
lateral - ANSWER away from the midline
proximal - ANSWER toward the point of attachment
distal - ANSWER away from the point of attachment
superficial - ANSWER closer to surface of body
deep - ANSWER further from surface of body
anterior - ANSWER front
posterior - ANSWER back
sagittal plane - ANSWER divides the body into left and right portions
frontal plane - ANSWER divides the boy into anterior and posterior portions
transverse plane - ANSWER divides the body into superior and inferior portions
abdominopelvic cavity - ANSWER contains intestines, liver, gallbladder, appendix,
stomach, etc; contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Thoracic Cavity - ANSWER contains lungs and heart; divided into pericardial cavity
and pleural cavity
Pericardium - ANSWER serous membrane that surrounds the pericardial cavity
(around heart)
Pleura - ANSWER serous membranes that surround the pleural cavities (around
lungs)
Peritoneum - ANSWER serous membrane that surrounds the peritoneal cavity
(around digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs)
Mesenteries - ANSWER double folded sheet of visceral peritoneum attaches
visceral organs to the posterior abdominopelvic wall; provide pathway for blood
vessels and nerves the reach digestive organs
The four most abundant elements in the human body are - ANSWER C, H, O, N
Atomic Number - ANSWER number of protons
mass number - ANSWER number of protons plus neutrons
term exam
Regional Anatomy - ANSWER study of the human body area by area; type of
study of the human body done in medical school
systemic anatomy - ANSWER study of the human body system by system; type of
study of the human body done in anatomy classes
Anatomy - ANSWER investigation of the body's structure
Physiology - ANSWER investigation of the processes of living things; goal is to
predict the body's response to stimuli and understand how the body maintains
homeostasis
Levels of Organization of the human body - ANSWER molecule, cell, tissue, organ,
organ system, organism
muscular system - ANSWER produces body movements, maintains posture, and
produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
Lymphatic system - ANSWER removes foreign substances from the blood and
lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from
digestive tract. Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic
organs.
respiratory system - ANSWER Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory
passages.
Endocrine system - ANSWER A major regulatory system that influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands,
such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Cardiovascular system - ANSWER transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in immune response and the
regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Urinary System - ANSWER Removes waste products from the blood and regulates
blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder,
and ducts that carry urine.
Six characteristics of life - ANSWER organization, metabolism, responsiveness,
growth, development vs. differentiation, reproduction
,organization - ANSWER specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism
and how these parts interact to perform specific functions
metabolism - ANSWER ability to use energy and perform vital functions-includes
all of the chemical reactions taking place in cells and in the internal environment of
an organism
responsiveness - ANSWER ability to sense changes in the internal or external
environment and adjust to those changes (ex. sweating, moving toward food or away
from danger, etc.)
growth - ANSWER increase in size and/or number of cells resulting in an overall
enlargement of all or part of the organism (ex. muscles and exercise)
development - ANSWER changes in an organism over time; begins at fertilization
and ends at death; most happens before birth; involves growth, differentiation, and
morphogenesis
differentiation - ANSWER change in a cell structure and function from general
(immature) to specialized (mature)
morphogenesis - ANSWER change in shape of tissues, organs
reproduction - ANSWER formation of new cells or new organisms; reproduction of
cells allows for growth and development; reproduction of an organism allows
passage of genes from one generation to the next
Homeostasis - ANSWER Values of external environmental conditions (called
variables, such as hot or cold temps) fluctuate around the set point (ideal normal
value) to establish a normal range of values
Positive feedback - ANSWER increases deviation from set point (examples:
oxytocin/contractions, bleeding/blood pressure)
negative feedback - ANSWER decreases deviation from set point (examples: body
temperature, blood calcium (PTH/calcitonin), blood sugar (insulin/glucagon))
receptor - ANSWER monitors value of some variable→ (body temp, blood glucose,
blood calcium, etc.)
control center - ANSWER establishes the set point (many times, this is the
hypothalamus of the brain)
effector - ANSWER changes the value of the variable (many times, this is an
endocrine gland: parathyroids, thyroid, pancreas, etc.)
anatomical position - ANSWER Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms
facing forward, arms at sides
Superior - ANSWER toward the head
, inferior - ANSWER away from the head
medial - ANSWER toward the midline
lateral - ANSWER away from the midline
proximal - ANSWER toward the point of attachment
distal - ANSWER away from the point of attachment
superficial - ANSWER closer to surface of body
deep - ANSWER further from surface of body
anterior - ANSWER front
posterior - ANSWER back
sagittal plane - ANSWER divides the body into left and right portions
frontal plane - ANSWER divides the boy into anterior and posterior portions
transverse plane - ANSWER divides the body into superior and inferior portions
abdominopelvic cavity - ANSWER contains intestines, liver, gallbladder, appendix,
stomach, etc; contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Thoracic Cavity - ANSWER contains lungs and heart; divided into pericardial cavity
and pleural cavity
Pericardium - ANSWER serous membrane that surrounds the pericardial cavity
(around heart)
Pleura - ANSWER serous membranes that surround the pleural cavities (around
lungs)
Peritoneum - ANSWER serous membrane that surrounds the peritoneal cavity
(around digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs)
Mesenteries - ANSWER double folded sheet of visceral peritoneum attaches
visceral organs to the posterior abdominopelvic wall; provide pathway for blood
vessels and nerves the reach digestive organs
The four most abundant elements in the human body are - ANSWER C, H, O, N
Atomic Number - ANSWER number of protons
mass number - ANSWER number of protons plus neutrons
