Test Bank for The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude
Change 3rd Edition Gregory R. Maio Geoffrey Haddock
Bas Verplanken
Attitudes - ANSWER Evaluations of people, objects, and ideas
Notes:
Attitude object - ANSWER An attitude object is the concept around which an
attitude is formed and changes over time. This attitude represents an evaluative
integration of cognitions and affects in relation to the attitude object.
Salience - ANSWER Cognitively available
Cognitively based attitude (thoughts) - ANSWER An attitude based primarily on
peoples beliefs about the properties of an attitude or thought
Notes:
Affectively based attitude (Feelings) - ANSWER An attitude based more on
people's feelings and values than on their beliefs about the nature of an attitude
object
Notes:
Classical conditioning - ANSWER The phenomenon whereby a stimulus that elicits
an emotional response is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus that does not,
until the neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus
Notes:
Operant conditioning - ANSWER the phenomenon whereby behaviours we freely
choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are
followed by a reward or punishment
Notes:
Behaviourally based attitude - ANSWER An attitude based on observations of how
one behaves toward an object
Notes:
Explicit attitude - ANSWER Attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily
report
,Notes:
Implicit attitudes - ANSWER Attitudes that exist outside of conscious awareness
Notes:
Attitude accessibility - ANSWER The strength of the association between an
attitude object and a person's evaluation of that object, measured by the speed with
which people can report how they feel about the object
Notes:
Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) - ANSWER The idea that people's intentions
are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviours, which are determined by their
attitudes toward specific behaviours, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural
control
Notes:
Persuasive communication - ANSWER A message advocating a particular side of
an issue
Notes:
Yale Attitude Change Approach - ANSWER The study of the conditions under
which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive
messages, focusing on the source of the communication, the nature of the
communication, and the nature of the audience
Notes:
Elaboration likelihood model - ANSWER A model explaining two ways in which
persuasive communications can cause attitude change: centrally, when people are
motivated and have the ability to pay attention to the arguments in the
communication, and peripherally, when people do not pay attention to the arguments
but are instead swayed by surface characteristics
Notes:
Central route persuasion - ANSWER The case in which people have both the
ability and the motivation to elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening
carefully to and thinking about the arguments presented
Notes:
Peripheral route persuasion - ANSWER The case in which people do not elaborate
on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by more
superficial cues
, Notes:
Fear Arousing Communication - ANSWER Persuasive message that attempts to
change people's attitudes by arousing their fears
Notes:
Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion - ANSWER An explanation of the two
ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: either
systematically processing the merits of the arguments or using mental shortcuts or
heuristics
Notes:
Subliminal Messages - ANSWER Words or pictures that are not consciously
perceived but may nevertheless influence people's judgments, attitudes, and
behaviours
Notes:
Gender roles - ANSWER Societal beliefs - such as those conveyed by media and
other sources - regarding how men and women are expected to behave
Notes:
Attitude inoculation - ANSWER Making people immune to attempts to change their
attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their
position
Notes:
Reactance theory - ANSWER The idea that when people feel their freedom to
perform a certain behaviour is threatened, an unpleasant state of resistance is
aroused, which they can reduce by performing the prohibited behaviour
Notes:
Practise effect - ANSWER Become better at undertaking a task
All of the following are true about attitudes except one. which one is false
a) Attitudes are related to our temperament and personality
b) Attitudes rarely change over time
c) Attitudes can be changed with persuasive communications
d) Under the right conditions attitudes predict people's behaviour - ANSWER
Answer = B - Attitudes rarely change over time
Change 3rd Edition Gregory R. Maio Geoffrey Haddock
Bas Verplanken
Attitudes - ANSWER Evaluations of people, objects, and ideas
Notes:
Attitude object - ANSWER An attitude object is the concept around which an
attitude is formed and changes over time. This attitude represents an evaluative
integration of cognitions and affects in relation to the attitude object.
Salience - ANSWER Cognitively available
Cognitively based attitude (thoughts) - ANSWER An attitude based primarily on
peoples beliefs about the properties of an attitude or thought
Notes:
Affectively based attitude (Feelings) - ANSWER An attitude based more on
people's feelings and values than on their beliefs about the nature of an attitude
object
Notes:
Classical conditioning - ANSWER The phenomenon whereby a stimulus that elicits
an emotional response is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus that does not,
until the neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus
Notes:
Operant conditioning - ANSWER the phenomenon whereby behaviours we freely
choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are
followed by a reward or punishment
Notes:
Behaviourally based attitude - ANSWER An attitude based on observations of how
one behaves toward an object
Notes:
Explicit attitude - ANSWER Attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily
report
,Notes:
Implicit attitudes - ANSWER Attitudes that exist outside of conscious awareness
Notes:
Attitude accessibility - ANSWER The strength of the association between an
attitude object and a person's evaluation of that object, measured by the speed with
which people can report how they feel about the object
Notes:
Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) - ANSWER The idea that people's intentions
are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviours, which are determined by their
attitudes toward specific behaviours, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural
control
Notes:
Persuasive communication - ANSWER A message advocating a particular side of
an issue
Notes:
Yale Attitude Change Approach - ANSWER The study of the conditions under
which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive
messages, focusing on the source of the communication, the nature of the
communication, and the nature of the audience
Notes:
Elaboration likelihood model - ANSWER A model explaining two ways in which
persuasive communications can cause attitude change: centrally, when people are
motivated and have the ability to pay attention to the arguments in the
communication, and peripherally, when people do not pay attention to the arguments
but are instead swayed by surface characteristics
Notes:
Central route persuasion - ANSWER The case in which people have both the
ability and the motivation to elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening
carefully to and thinking about the arguments presented
Notes:
Peripheral route persuasion - ANSWER The case in which people do not elaborate
on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by more
superficial cues
, Notes:
Fear Arousing Communication - ANSWER Persuasive message that attempts to
change people's attitudes by arousing their fears
Notes:
Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion - ANSWER An explanation of the two
ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: either
systematically processing the merits of the arguments or using mental shortcuts or
heuristics
Notes:
Subliminal Messages - ANSWER Words or pictures that are not consciously
perceived but may nevertheless influence people's judgments, attitudes, and
behaviours
Notes:
Gender roles - ANSWER Societal beliefs - such as those conveyed by media and
other sources - regarding how men and women are expected to behave
Notes:
Attitude inoculation - ANSWER Making people immune to attempts to change their
attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their
position
Notes:
Reactance theory - ANSWER The idea that when people feel their freedom to
perform a certain behaviour is threatened, an unpleasant state of resistance is
aroused, which they can reduce by performing the prohibited behaviour
Notes:
Practise effect - ANSWER Become better at undertaking a task
All of the following are true about attitudes except one. which one is false
a) Attitudes are related to our temperament and personality
b) Attitudes rarely change over time
c) Attitudes can be changed with persuasive communications
d) Under the right conditions attitudes predict people's behaviour - ANSWER
Answer = B - Attitudes rarely change over time
