PRD final exam
1. Types of pain by origin -cutaneous/superficial:
arises in the skin or the
sq tissue (hot stove
ouch remove hand
-deep somatic: origi-
nates in ligaments, ten-
dons, nerves, blood
vessels, and bones
(more localized and de-
scribed as achy or ten-
der-from bone cancer
and arthritis)
-visceral: is caused by
the stimulation of deep
internal pain receptors.
it most often experi-
enced in the abd. cav-
ity, cranium, or thorax
(described as a cramp-
ing pain and tight pres-
sure=strong clue to the
cause such as peri-
od, GI infections, bowel
disorders
2. classification of pain -radiating/referred: ex-
tends to the other loca-
tions= ex) heart attack
then to left arm, sore
throat extends to ears
-phantom: perceived to
originate form an area
that has been surgically
removed (removed leg
that itches)
-psychogenic: believed
to arise from the mind
3. classification of pain by cause
, PRD final exam
-nociceptive: nocicep-
tors, respond to stim-
uli that are potentially
damaging (tissue dam-
age)
-neuropathic: comlex
and often chronic pain
that arise when injury
to one or more nerves
(trauma, surgery, or
inflammation ): nerve
damamge
4. description of pain -quality: described as
sharp, dull, aching,
throbbing, stabbing,
burning, ripping, sear-
ing, or tingling
-periodicity: referred to
as episodic, intermit-
tent or constant
-intensity: mild, dis-
tracting, moderate se-
vere, or intolerable
5. pain classified by duration acute: rapid onset,
short duration, varies in
intensity, educate pt to
know tissue will heal
and pain willl be gone
-chronic: >6 months
(remission and exacer-
bation sometimes)
-intractable: chronic
and highly resistant to
releif, may use multiple
modalities to treat this
kind fo pain
, PRD final exam
6. physiology of pain -transduction: activia-
tion of nociceptors by
stimuli
-transmission: conduc-
tion of pain message to
spinal cord
-pain perception: rec-
ognizing and defining
pain in cortex
-pain modulation:
changing pain percep-
tion
7. assessing pain -pain history: onset lo-
cation, aggravating/al-
leviating factors
-nonverbal signs: ele-
vated pulse/bp, crying,
moaning, grimacing
8. Parmacological measures for pain -nonopioid anal-
gesics: NSAIDs, aceta-
minophen
-adjuvant analgesics
-opioid analgesics: in-
clude IV, trandermal,
and epidural forms,
client controlled anal-
gesia pumps
9. chemical pain releif measures -nerve blocks, epidural
injection, local anethe-
sia, topic anesthesia
10. special nursing consideration for pain -managing pain in el-
derly
-managing pain in
clients w addictions
-use of placebos
1. Types of pain by origin -cutaneous/superficial:
arises in the skin or the
sq tissue (hot stove
ouch remove hand
-deep somatic: origi-
nates in ligaments, ten-
dons, nerves, blood
vessels, and bones
(more localized and de-
scribed as achy or ten-
der-from bone cancer
and arthritis)
-visceral: is caused by
the stimulation of deep
internal pain receptors.
it most often experi-
enced in the abd. cav-
ity, cranium, or thorax
(described as a cramp-
ing pain and tight pres-
sure=strong clue to the
cause such as peri-
od, GI infections, bowel
disorders
2. classification of pain -radiating/referred: ex-
tends to the other loca-
tions= ex) heart attack
then to left arm, sore
throat extends to ears
-phantom: perceived to
originate form an area
that has been surgically
removed (removed leg
that itches)
-psychogenic: believed
to arise from the mind
3. classification of pain by cause
, PRD final exam
-nociceptive: nocicep-
tors, respond to stim-
uli that are potentially
damaging (tissue dam-
age)
-neuropathic: comlex
and often chronic pain
that arise when injury
to one or more nerves
(trauma, surgery, or
inflammation ): nerve
damamge
4. description of pain -quality: described as
sharp, dull, aching,
throbbing, stabbing,
burning, ripping, sear-
ing, or tingling
-periodicity: referred to
as episodic, intermit-
tent or constant
-intensity: mild, dis-
tracting, moderate se-
vere, or intolerable
5. pain classified by duration acute: rapid onset,
short duration, varies in
intensity, educate pt to
know tissue will heal
and pain willl be gone
-chronic: >6 months
(remission and exacer-
bation sometimes)
-intractable: chronic
and highly resistant to
releif, may use multiple
modalities to treat this
kind fo pain
, PRD final exam
6. physiology of pain -transduction: activia-
tion of nociceptors by
stimuli
-transmission: conduc-
tion of pain message to
spinal cord
-pain perception: rec-
ognizing and defining
pain in cortex
-pain modulation:
changing pain percep-
tion
7. assessing pain -pain history: onset lo-
cation, aggravating/al-
leviating factors
-nonverbal signs: ele-
vated pulse/bp, crying,
moaning, grimacing
8. Parmacological measures for pain -nonopioid anal-
gesics: NSAIDs, aceta-
minophen
-adjuvant analgesics
-opioid analgesics: in-
clude IV, trandermal,
and epidural forms,
client controlled anal-
gesia pumps
9. chemical pain releif measures -nerve blocks, epidural
injection, local anethe-
sia, topic anesthesia
10. special nursing consideration for pain -managing pain in el-
derly
-managing pain in
clients w addictions
-use of placebos
