Loophole LSAT || with 100% Accurate Solutions.
Argument correct answers Made of premise(s) and conclusions
Premises correct answers The facts, the evidence. Always accept premises. Always focus on how
the premises fit together and are defined by their relationship to the conclusion.
Conclusion correct answers Judgments the author makes, built upon the arrangement of
premises. They are part of the argument you question - usually they can be made invalid through
loopholes.
Valid conclusion correct answers Must be true if the premises are true. They're 100% provable.
Look for common terms between n two premises and find out what that repetition allows you to
conclude. Always part of an argument.
EXAMPLE:
Premise 1 - Maya won't eat grapefruit.
Premise 2- Only those who always eat grapefruit will be committed to the mental institution.
Valid: Maya will not be committed to the mental institution.
Inferences correct answers Not part of the argument, something we come up with from the
premise set. An inference is a valid conclusion you design yourself, not a conclusion inside an
argument.
Invalid Conclusions correct answers The conclusion is not ironclad, it can fall apart using
loopholes. What if...?
Always assume the author is leaving something out. These conclusions take things for granted in
the premises.
EX:
Avocados & gingerbread both contain nitrogen, nitrogen is an element. Avocados and nitrogen
are similar.
Loophole: What if avocados and gingerbread are different in every other aspect? This would
make the conclusion inaccurate.
Intermediate Conclusion correct answers Fulfills the argumentative role of both a premise and a
conclusion. Supports the main conclusion and is supported by premises. If you have no reason
for why something is true it is a premise.
Nested Claims & Hybrid Arguments correct answers When someone besides the author makes a
claim. A description of how someone believes something. If the author concludes anything
themselves they will use the nested claim as a premise for the conclusion. If the author does not
conclude anything we use the nested claim as a conclusion and attack that with loopholes.
Attacking an Argument correct answers Attack the premises relationship to one another and to
the conclusion, but never question the truth of the premises. Always ask yourself why the
conclusion is supposed to be true. Always assume there is something being left out of what the
author chose to present. Attack what they aren't telling you.
, Must correct answers Tough to prove easy to attack. Powerful premises. Always, every single
time, no exceptions ever, you can't get out of doing this.
Cannot correct answers Tough to prove and easy to attack. Never, impossible in any
circumstance, no way.
Could correct answers Easier to prove, harder to attack. We just need premises that allow the
conclusion stated to be a possibility. Possible, there is a chance, maybe, might, encompasses both
something unlikely and likely, may or may not.
Not Necessarily correct answers Easier to prove, harder to attack. We just need premises saying
we don't have to. Doesn't have to be the case, literally "not must", could be an exception, not
guaranteed.
Certainty Power Players the 100% & the 0% correct answers Must and cannot. When you don't
see indicators of certainty or uncertainty, this is a sentence that is claiming certainty.
Must: the 100% true. No exceptions to what the author is saying. Huge burden of proof and
easily attackable with loopholes.
Cannot: The 0% Never Never Never. There is no remote chance.
Could "Not impossible" correct answers 1 - 100% includes Must. Does not include cannot.
All could statements are concluding is that it is not impossible for the conclusion to be true.
Not Necessarily "Not Must" correct answers 0 - 99% includes cannot. Does not include must.
Allows for every single possibility except for must. Commonly used o smack down somebody
else's statement.
Certainty Premises correct answers Must Premises, cannot premises - Strong evidence.
Possibility Premises correct answers Could Premise, Not Necessarily Premise - Weak Evidence
Certainty Conclusions correct answers Must Conclusion, cannot conclusion - difficult to prove.
Almost always require certainty premises in order to be valid. Certainty premises are in terms of
what they can do. Find the gaps between the premises, not the premises themselves. Any gap is a
loophole opportunity. You usually can't prove a certainty conclusion from all possibility
premises.
Possibility Conclusions correct answers Could conclusion, not necessarily conclusion - easy to
prove. It is easy to prove a possibility conclusion from certainty premises. Have to improve the
impossible against the conclusion being possibly true. EX: if the conclusion says lady bugs could
live on daises, we must prove that it is actually impossible for them to live on daises. Possibility
Premises that support possible conclusions are usually invalid.
Equivalence of Must Be True correct answers Cannot be False
Argument correct answers Made of premise(s) and conclusions
Premises correct answers The facts, the evidence. Always accept premises. Always focus on how
the premises fit together and are defined by their relationship to the conclusion.
Conclusion correct answers Judgments the author makes, built upon the arrangement of
premises. They are part of the argument you question - usually they can be made invalid through
loopholes.
Valid conclusion correct answers Must be true if the premises are true. They're 100% provable.
Look for common terms between n two premises and find out what that repetition allows you to
conclude. Always part of an argument.
EXAMPLE:
Premise 1 - Maya won't eat grapefruit.
Premise 2- Only those who always eat grapefruit will be committed to the mental institution.
Valid: Maya will not be committed to the mental institution.
Inferences correct answers Not part of the argument, something we come up with from the
premise set. An inference is a valid conclusion you design yourself, not a conclusion inside an
argument.
Invalid Conclusions correct answers The conclusion is not ironclad, it can fall apart using
loopholes. What if...?
Always assume the author is leaving something out. These conclusions take things for granted in
the premises.
EX:
Avocados & gingerbread both contain nitrogen, nitrogen is an element. Avocados and nitrogen
are similar.
Loophole: What if avocados and gingerbread are different in every other aspect? This would
make the conclusion inaccurate.
Intermediate Conclusion correct answers Fulfills the argumentative role of both a premise and a
conclusion. Supports the main conclusion and is supported by premises. If you have no reason
for why something is true it is a premise.
Nested Claims & Hybrid Arguments correct answers When someone besides the author makes a
claim. A description of how someone believes something. If the author concludes anything
themselves they will use the nested claim as a premise for the conclusion. If the author does not
conclude anything we use the nested claim as a conclusion and attack that with loopholes.
Attacking an Argument correct answers Attack the premises relationship to one another and to
the conclusion, but never question the truth of the premises. Always ask yourself why the
conclusion is supposed to be true. Always assume there is something being left out of what the
author chose to present. Attack what they aren't telling you.
, Must correct answers Tough to prove easy to attack. Powerful premises. Always, every single
time, no exceptions ever, you can't get out of doing this.
Cannot correct answers Tough to prove and easy to attack. Never, impossible in any
circumstance, no way.
Could correct answers Easier to prove, harder to attack. We just need premises that allow the
conclusion stated to be a possibility. Possible, there is a chance, maybe, might, encompasses both
something unlikely and likely, may or may not.
Not Necessarily correct answers Easier to prove, harder to attack. We just need premises saying
we don't have to. Doesn't have to be the case, literally "not must", could be an exception, not
guaranteed.
Certainty Power Players the 100% & the 0% correct answers Must and cannot. When you don't
see indicators of certainty or uncertainty, this is a sentence that is claiming certainty.
Must: the 100% true. No exceptions to what the author is saying. Huge burden of proof and
easily attackable with loopholes.
Cannot: The 0% Never Never Never. There is no remote chance.
Could "Not impossible" correct answers 1 - 100% includes Must. Does not include cannot.
All could statements are concluding is that it is not impossible for the conclusion to be true.
Not Necessarily "Not Must" correct answers 0 - 99% includes cannot. Does not include must.
Allows for every single possibility except for must. Commonly used o smack down somebody
else's statement.
Certainty Premises correct answers Must Premises, cannot premises - Strong evidence.
Possibility Premises correct answers Could Premise, Not Necessarily Premise - Weak Evidence
Certainty Conclusions correct answers Must Conclusion, cannot conclusion - difficult to prove.
Almost always require certainty premises in order to be valid. Certainty premises are in terms of
what they can do. Find the gaps between the premises, not the premises themselves. Any gap is a
loophole opportunity. You usually can't prove a certainty conclusion from all possibility
premises.
Possibility Conclusions correct answers Could conclusion, not necessarily conclusion - easy to
prove. It is easy to prove a possibility conclusion from certainty premises. Have to improve the
impossible against the conclusion being possibly true. EX: if the conclusion says lady bugs could
live on daises, we must prove that it is actually impossible for them to live on daises. Possibility
Premises that support possible conclusions are usually invalid.
Equivalence of Must Be True correct answers Cannot be False
