NURS 302 FINAL EXAM WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS/LATEST 2025-2025
1. What is Evidence Based Practice?: A lifelong problem-solving approach to
clinical practice that integrates into 3 components.
EBP= the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making
decisions about the care of the individual patient. It means integrating individual clinical
expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from research
2. What are the three components of EBP?: 1. Clinical Expertise (internal
evidence, eg: info learned from clinical)
2. Best Research Evidence (external evidence)
3. Patient values and preferences
3. Why is EBP important?: EBP is important because it aims to provide the most
effective care that is available, with the aim of improving patient outcomes. Patients
expect to receive the most effective care based on the best available evidence.
*Medical knowledge and accepted practice change rapidly
*Volume of research articles is expanding exponentially
*Integrating the evidence into your practice regularly makes it easier to find and apply
the evidence during busy clinical schedules
*It allows you to blend patient preferences with the research, resulting in patient-centered
care
4. components of the quadruple aim: • Better patient outcomes
• Reduced costs
• Better population Health
• Provider satisfaction
5. what are background questions: - address general questions about a disease,
condition, or process - are the "what is", "why do", and "how does" kind of questions. -
Novice practitioners such as health professions students, typically have more background
questions. As one moves from novice to expert, practitioners typically find themselves
answering more foreground questions in their day to day practice.
6. what are foreground questions: - answer pointed questions regarding a specific
patient or population
- often investigate comparisons (e.g two treatment approaches or two diagnostic tests)
• picot questions
,7. Common Barriers to Using Evidence-Based Practice: • Lack of
administrative/management support and mentors
• Resistance to change
• Misperceptions or negative attitudes about EBP
• Lack of EBP knowledge and skills
• Lack of autonomy over practice and lack of incentives
• Lack of time/resources
8. Strategies to Eliminate Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice: • Establishing a clear
philosophy and organizational vision in which EBP is valued and expected • Developing
a strategic plan to create a culture and environment that fosters EBP
• Dispelling misperceptions about EBP
• Teaching the basics of EBP
• Encouraging questions about currently used clinical practices
• Develop EBP mentors
9. Initiatives to enhance EBP: • IOM (National Academy of Medicine) Roundtable on
Evidence-Based Medicine • Research- practice time gap
• NUETRAL venue for Key stakeholders to drive using the evidence clinical effec-
tiveness to practice
• 2020- 90% of all clinical decisions will be supportedby accurate, timely, and up-to-date
info
• "The learning healthcare system"
• Ensure innovation to improve quality, safety and value in healthcare
• U.S .Preventive Services Task Force
(USPSTF)
• Grade A- recommended
• Grade B- recommended- net benefit almost certain
• Grade C- recc selectively based on individual case
• Grade D- not recommended
• Grade I- Insufficient
10. what does the U.S .Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) do: This task force
reviews all the prevention and evidence based medicine
research on specific preventive
services and provides evidence-based recommendations
, **Each member of the task force is a nationally recognized expert in disease
prevention and evidence
**Every task force recommendation becomes a valuable evidence-based tool
11. What is the hierarchy of evidence and why is it useful?: Is a tool that ranks the
strength of research evidence based on the rigor of its methods
12. levels of hierarchy of evidence: Level 1= Systemic Review (Best quality of
information)
Level 2= Randomized controlled trial
Level 3= Controlled trial (no randomization) Level 4= Case control or cohort study
Level 5= Systematic review of descriptive & qualitative studies
Level 6= Single descriptive or qualitative study
Level 7= Expert opinion
13. PICOT Question: P= (population)
I= (Intervention)
C- (comparison)
O=
(outco
me) T=
(Time)
14. Boolean operators (and, or) and when they are used: -AND is used to connect
different concepts or topics to search for - OR is used for a word that has multiple
meanings
15. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): standardized terms in PubMed and other
databases to improve the accuracy of searches
16. What is a double blind study?: both subjects and the experimenter do not know
who has been assigned to which group in order to prevent bias
17. How to design study to reduce potential confounding variables: By
randomizing, we take all those potential confounding variables and spread them evenly
between groups
18. 3 question to guide critical appraisal of evidence: 1. Valid? (internal, external,
instrumental)
2. Reliable? (study and instrument)
3. applicable to my patient?
19. Case control study: • they already have disease
ANSWERS/LATEST 2025-2025
1. What is Evidence Based Practice?: A lifelong problem-solving approach to
clinical practice that integrates into 3 components.
EBP= the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making
decisions about the care of the individual patient. It means integrating individual clinical
expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from research
2. What are the three components of EBP?: 1. Clinical Expertise (internal
evidence, eg: info learned from clinical)
2. Best Research Evidence (external evidence)
3. Patient values and preferences
3. Why is EBP important?: EBP is important because it aims to provide the most
effective care that is available, with the aim of improving patient outcomes. Patients
expect to receive the most effective care based on the best available evidence.
*Medical knowledge and accepted practice change rapidly
*Volume of research articles is expanding exponentially
*Integrating the evidence into your practice regularly makes it easier to find and apply
the evidence during busy clinical schedules
*It allows you to blend patient preferences with the research, resulting in patient-centered
care
4. components of the quadruple aim: • Better patient outcomes
• Reduced costs
• Better population Health
• Provider satisfaction
5. what are background questions: - address general questions about a disease,
condition, or process - are the "what is", "why do", and "how does" kind of questions. -
Novice practitioners such as health professions students, typically have more background
questions. As one moves from novice to expert, practitioners typically find themselves
answering more foreground questions in their day to day practice.
6. what are foreground questions: - answer pointed questions regarding a specific
patient or population
- often investigate comparisons (e.g two treatment approaches or two diagnostic tests)
• picot questions
,7. Common Barriers to Using Evidence-Based Practice: • Lack of
administrative/management support and mentors
• Resistance to change
• Misperceptions or negative attitudes about EBP
• Lack of EBP knowledge and skills
• Lack of autonomy over practice and lack of incentives
• Lack of time/resources
8. Strategies to Eliminate Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice: • Establishing a clear
philosophy and organizational vision in which EBP is valued and expected • Developing
a strategic plan to create a culture and environment that fosters EBP
• Dispelling misperceptions about EBP
• Teaching the basics of EBP
• Encouraging questions about currently used clinical practices
• Develop EBP mentors
9. Initiatives to enhance EBP: • IOM (National Academy of Medicine) Roundtable on
Evidence-Based Medicine • Research- practice time gap
• NUETRAL venue for Key stakeholders to drive using the evidence clinical effec-
tiveness to practice
• 2020- 90% of all clinical decisions will be supportedby accurate, timely, and up-to-date
info
• "The learning healthcare system"
• Ensure innovation to improve quality, safety and value in healthcare
• U.S .Preventive Services Task Force
(USPSTF)
• Grade A- recommended
• Grade B- recommended- net benefit almost certain
• Grade C- recc selectively based on individual case
• Grade D- not recommended
• Grade I- Insufficient
10. what does the U.S .Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) do: This task force
reviews all the prevention and evidence based medicine
research on specific preventive
services and provides evidence-based recommendations
, **Each member of the task force is a nationally recognized expert in disease
prevention and evidence
**Every task force recommendation becomes a valuable evidence-based tool
11. What is the hierarchy of evidence and why is it useful?: Is a tool that ranks the
strength of research evidence based on the rigor of its methods
12. levels of hierarchy of evidence: Level 1= Systemic Review (Best quality of
information)
Level 2= Randomized controlled trial
Level 3= Controlled trial (no randomization) Level 4= Case control or cohort study
Level 5= Systematic review of descriptive & qualitative studies
Level 6= Single descriptive or qualitative study
Level 7= Expert opinion
13. PICOT Question: P= (population)
I= (Intervention)
C- (comparison)
O=
(outco
me) T=
(Time)
14. Boolean operators (and, or) and when they are used: -AND is used to connect
different concepts or topics to search for - OR is used for a word that has multiple
meanings
15. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): standardized terms in PubMed and other
databases to improve the accuracy of searches
16. What is a double blind study?: both subjects and the experimenter do not know
who has been assigned to which group in order to prevent bias
17. How to design study to reduce potential confounding variables: By
randomizing, we take all those potential confounding variables and spread them evenly
between groups
18. 3 question to guide critical appraisal of evidence: 1. Valid? (internal, external,
instrumental)
2. Reliable? (study and instrument)
3. applicable to my patient?
19. Case control study: • they already have disease
