WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS. LATEST 2024-2025
1. Science of human development: The science that seeks to understand how ad why
people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same.
2. Empirical: based on observations repeated experiences verifiable experiments not
theoretical
3. Scientific method: a way to answer questions using empirical research and data based
conclusions
4. Replication: the repetition of a study using different participants
5. Nature: traits from parents
6. Nurture: environment
7. Critical period: a time period when something must happen to ensure normal
development
8. Sensitive period: when development occurs most easily is common
9. Dynamic systems theory: a view of human development as an ongoing ever changing
interaction between the physical and emotional well being
10. Life span perspective: study of human development from all phases of life
11. Ecological systems approach: the view that in the study of human development
the person should be considered in all contexts and interactions in life
12. Cohort: a group of people usually same age
13. Socioeconomic status (SES): a persons position in society as determined by
income, wealth, occupation and education
14. Ethnic group: people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often
share a language, culture, and religion
15. Race: a group of people who are regarded by them selves or by others on the basis
of physical appearance
16. Plasticity: molded and identity
17. Scientific observation: requires the researcher to record behavior systematically
and objectively
18. Experiment: a research method in which the researcher tries to determine the
cause and effect
19. Independent variable: in an experiment the variable that is introduced to see what
effect it has on the dependent variable
20. Dependent variable: in an experiment the variable that may change as a result of
whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds
, .
21. Survey: a research method which information is collected from large groups
interviews, written
22. Cross sectional research: a research that compares groups of people who differ in
age but are similar in other important characteristics
23. Longitudinal research: a research that individuals are followed over time and
there development is repeatedly assessed
24. Cross sequential research: studies several groups of people of different ages than
follows them for years
25. Correlation: exists between two variables if one variable is more or less likely to
occur when the other does
26. Quantitative research: research that provides data that can be expressed with
numbers
27. Qualitative research: research that considers qualities instead of quantities
28. Code of ethics: a set of moral principles that members of a profession or group
are expected to follow
29. Developmental theory: a group of ideas assumptions and generalizations that
interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made of the
human growth
30. Psychoanalytic theory: inner drives deep motives and unconscious needs rooted in
childhood Freud's idea
31. Oral stage/trust vs mistrust: birth to 1 year old freud/erikson
32. Anal stage/autonomy vs shame and doubt: 1-3 years old freud/erikson
33. Phallic stage/initiative vs guilt: 3-6 years old freud/erikson
34. Latency/industry vs inferiority: 6-11 years old freud/erikson
35. Behaviorism: theory of human development that studies behavior
36. Conditioning: laws of learning, the process by which the responses become linked
to particular stimuli
37. Classical conditioning: linking the smell of food to a sound
38. Operant conditioning: action is followed, reward or punishment
39. Reinforcement: a technique for conditioning behavior in which that behavior is
followed by some desire a reward.
40. Social learning theory: influence that other people have on others behavior
41. Modeling: copy cat
42. Self efficacy: the belief that a personal achievement depends on personal actions
43. Cognitive theory: thoughts and expectations profoundly affect attitudes beliefs
values assumptions and actions