BIO 202 FINAL EXAM REVIEW. 380 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS. LATEST 2024-2025
1. Central dogma: dna -> rna -> protein
2. Prions: misfiled proteins that can transmit their shape onto normal proteins
3. Evolution: change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over time205
4. describe fungi: supergroup opisthokonta heterotrophic arose from protists
Store surplus food as carbohydrate
glycogen osmotrophic nutrition for most
single flagellum
Cell wall composed of chitin
made up of hyphae
makes(cycelium) no male and
female sexual and asexual
5.Define hyphae and
mycelium: colorless thread that
make up the body of fungi
which combine and makes
mycelium
5. Describe fungal asexual reproduction: they grow asexual spores at the end of their
hyphae
6. Describe sexual reproduction of fungi: union of gametes and zygote formation through
meiosis
Most have plasmogamy followed by karyogamy
Some fungi become dikaryons and then produce fruiting bodies produce
zygotes
7. Define plasmogamy: fusion of gametes cytoplasm
8. Define karyogamy: fusion of nuclei
9. Describe dikaryotic meycelium: may producing fleshy fruiting body all cells of fruiting
body are dikaryotic
10. Describe phylum am fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi): live with their plant
partners reproduce asexually very large multinucleate spores
Ability to live on land
11. Ascomycetes (sac fungi): fungi
Can break down cellulose and ligning (wood)
, .
12. Describe mycorrhizae: association between hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of
most seed plants
Causes plants to recieve increased supply of water and nutrients
Has endmycorrhizae- hyphae penetrate the spaces between root cell walls and plasma
membranes
Ectomycorrhizae- coat rot surface and grow between cells of roots 215.
Describe lichens:
13. . Tripoblastic: 3 germ
layers ectoderm, endoderm,
mesoderm
14.
15. What are the properties of life?: cells and organization, energy and metabolism,
response to environment change, regulation of homeostasis, growth and development,
reproduction, and evolution
16. Cells and organization: cell theory that states that all organisms are made of cells, cells
are the smallest units of life, and cells come from preexisting cells via cell division
17. Energy and metabolism: the set of chemical reactions that happen in the cells of living
organisms to sustain life
18. Respiration: chemical reactions convert biochemical energy into atp
19. Photosynthesis: process of converting light into sugars
20. Chemosynthesis: process of converting inorganic molecules into organic molecules
21. Homeostasis: maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
22. Growth and development: increase in size and change shape
23. Reproduction: generation of new individuals that includes transmission of genetic
material
24. How did life originate?: 1. Nucleotides and amino acids were produced 2. Nucleotides
were polymerized to form rna and/or dna; amino acids were polymerized to form proteins
3. Polymers became enclosed in membranes
4. Cellular characteristics arose
25. Stanley miller: scientist. Performed an experiment that produced amino acids
under possible primitive earth conditions
26. Liposome: spherical vesicle having at least one lipid bilayer
27. Protobiont: a collection of prebiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane
or membrane-like structure
, .
28. Microevolution: change in allele frequencies or single gene in a population over
generations.
29. Macroevolution: formation of new species or groups of species
30. Species: group of related organisms that share distinctive form
31. Population: members of the same species that are likely to encounter each other and thus
have the opportunity to interbreed
32. Jean-bapiste lamarck: developed the theory of the inheritance of acquired
characteristics; some animals stay the same, some change; things evolved upward toward
human "perfection."
33. catastrophism hypothesis: catastrophic events lead to change in geological
structure
34. Uniformitarianism hypothesis: from geology
Slow geological processes lead to substantial change
Earth was much older than 6,000 years
35. Thomas malthus: a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce
36. Charles darwin and alfred wallace: theory of evolution by natural selection 26.
Variation: differences in physical traits of an individual from the group to which it
belongs
37. Natural selection: -more offspring produced than can survive
-competition for limited resources
-individual with better traits flourish and reproduce
38. Trait: distinct variant of a physical characters of an organism
39. Adaption: any heritable behavioral, morphological, or physiological trait of an organism
that has evolved by natural selection that maintains or increases the fitness of an
individual in a particular environment
40. Fitness: proportionate genetic contribution an individual males to future generations
41. How are traits inherited?: by passing of factors from parent to offspring
42. Qualitative traits: traits that differ from one another by discrete qualities
43. Quantitative traits: traits that show continuous variation (most traits, i.e.: height,
intelligence, athleticism) and can be influenced by the environment
44. Directional selection: individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range have greater
reproductive success in a particular environment
45. Stabilizing selection: favors the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes
and selects against those with extreme phenotypes
, .
46. Disruptive selection: selection against intermediate phenotypes and for extreme
phenotypes
47. Balancing selection: a type of natural selection that maintains genetic diversity in a
population
48. Heterozygote advantage: greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals
compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. 39. Negative
frequency dependent selection: phenotypes favored only when rare.
Example is left-handed fighting ability
40. Sexual selection: individuals with certain traits are more likely to engage in
successful reproduction than other individuals
41. Intrasexual selection: members of the same sex compete for mates
42. Intersexual selection: one organism chooses to mate with another organism because
of their characteristics (between different sexes)
43 mutations: a permanent change in the dna sequence of a gene
44. Drift: changes in allele frequencies due to random chance
45. Migration: the transfer of alleles into or out of a population
46. 5 factors that have influenced genetic variation over time: - mutation
- Drift
- Migration
- Natural selection
- Sexual selection
47. Hardy-weinberg equilibrium: in the absence of the 5 factors that have influenced
genetic variation over time, allele frequencies will not change
48. Allopatric speciation: occurs when some members of a species occupy a habitat
that is isolated from other members
49. Adaptive radiation: a single ancestral species has evolved into a wide array of
descendant species
50. Sympatric speciation: speciation within the same range (no geographical barrier)
51. Isolating mechanisms: traits that prevent interbreeding and maintain reproductive
isolation
52. Prezygotic mechanisms: prevent formation of the zygote completely
53. Habitat isolation: caused by a geographic barrier
54. Temporal isolation: mating periods do not overlap
55. Behavioral isolation: mating limited due to differences in behavior
VERIFIED ANSWERS. LATEST 2024-2025
1. Central dogma: dna -> rna -> protein
2. Prions: misfiled proteins that can transmit their shape onto normal proteins
3. Evolution: change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over time205
4. describe fungi: supergroup opisthokonta heterotrophic arose from protists
Store surplus food as carbohydrate
glycogen osmotrophic nutrition for most
single flagellum
Cell wall composed of chitin
made up of hyphae
makes(cycelium) no male and
female sexual and asexual
5.Define hyphae and
mycelium: colorless thread that
make up the body of fungi
which combine and makes
mycelium
5. Describe fungal asexual reproduction: they grow asexual spores at the end of their
hyphae
6. Describe sexual reproduction of fungi: union of gametes and zygote formation through
meiosis
Most have plasmogamy followed by karyogamy
Some fungi become dikaryons and then produce fruiting bodies produce
zygotes
7. Define plasmogamy: fusion of gametes cytoplasm
8. Define karyogamy: fusion of nuclei
9. Describe dikaryotic meycelium: may producing fleshy fruiting body all cells of fruiting
body are dikaryotic
10. Describe phylum am fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi): live with their plant
partners reproduce asexually very large multinucleate spores
Ability to live on land
11. Ascomycetes (sac fungi): fungi
Can break down cellulose and ligning (wood)
, .
12. Describe mycorrhizae: association between hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of
most seed plants
Causes plants to recieve increased supply of water and nutrients
Has endmycorrhizae- hyphae penetrate the spaces between root cell walls and plasma
membranes
Ectomycorrhizae- coat rot surface and grow between cells of roots 215.
Describe lichens:
13. . Tripoblastic: 3 germ
layers ectoderm, endoderm,
mesoderm
14.
15. What are the properties of life?: cells and organization, energy and metabolism,
response to environment change, regulation of homeostasis, growth and development,
reproduction, and evolution
16. Cells and organization: cell theory that states that all organisms are made of cells, cells
are the smallest units of life, and cells come from preexisting cells via cell division
17. Energy and metabolism: the set of chemical reactions that happen in the cells of living
organisms to sustain life
18. Respiration: chemical reactions convert biochemical energy into atp
19. Photosynthesis: process of converting light into sugars
20. Chemosynthesis: process of converting inorganic molecules into organic molecules
21. Homeostasis: maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
22. Growth and development: increase in size and change shape
23. Reproduction: generation of new individuals that includes transmission of genetic
material
24. How did life originate?: 1. Nucleotides and amino acids were produced 2. Nucleotides
were polymerized to form rna and/or dna; amino acids were polymerized to form proteins
3. Polymers became enclosed in membranes
4. Cellular characteristics arose
25. Stanley miller: scientist. Performed an experiment that produced amino acids
under possible primitive earth conditions
26. Liposome: spherical vesicle having at least one lipid bilayer
27. Protobiont: a collection of prebiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane
or membrane-like structure
, .
28. Microevolution: change in allele frequencies or single gene in a population over
generations.
29. Macroevolution: formation of new species or groups of species
30. Species: group of related organisms that share distinctive form
31. Population: members of the same species that are likely to encounter each other and thus
have the opportunity to interbreed
32. Jean-bapiste lamarck: developed the theory of the inheritance of acquired
characteristics; some animals stay the same, some change; things evolved upward toward
human "perfection."
33. catastrophism hypothesis: catastrophic events lead to change in geological
structure
34. Uniformitarianism hypothesis: from geology
Slow geological processes lead to substantial change
Earth was much older than 6,000 years
35. Thomas malthus: a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce
36. Charles darwin and alfred wallace: theory of evolution by natural selection 26.
Variation: differences in physical traits of an individual from the group to which it
belongs
37. Natural selection: -more offspring produced than can survive
-competition for limited resources
-individual with better traits flourish and reproduce
38. Trait: distinct variant of a physical characters of an organism
39. Adaption: any heritable behavioral, morphological, or physiological trait of an organism
that has evolved by natural selection that maintains or increases the fitness of an
individual in a particular environment
40. Fitness: proportionate genetic contribution an individual males to future generations
41. How are traits inherited?: by passing of factors from parent to offspring
42. Qualitative traits: traits that differ from one another by discrete qualities
43. Quantitative traits: traits that show continuous variation (most traits, i.e.: height,
intelligence, athleticism) and can be influenced by the environment
44. Directional selection: individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range have greater
reproductive success in a particular environment
45. Stabilizing selection: favors the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes
and selects against those with extreme phenotypes
, .
46. Disruptive selection: selection against intermediate phenotypes and for extreme
phenotypes
47. Balancing selection: a type of natural selection that maintains genetic diversity in a
population
48. Heterozygote advantage: greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals
compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. 39. Negative
frequency dependent selection: phenotypes favored only when rare.
Example is left-handed fighting ability
40. Sexual selection: individuals with certain traits are more likely to engage in
successful reproduction than other individuals
41. Intrasexual selection: members of the same sex compete for mates
42. Intersexual selection: one organism chooses to mate with another organism because
of their characteristics (between different sexes)
43 mutations: a permanent change in the dna sequence of a gene
44. Drift: changes in allele frequencies due to random chance
45. Migration: the transfer of alleles into or out of a population
46. 5 factors that have influenced genetic variation over time: - mutation
- Drift
- Migration
- Natural selection
- Sexual selection
47. Hardy-weinberg equilibrium: in the absence of the 5 factors that have influenced
genetic variation over time, allele frequencies will not change
48. Allopatric speciation: occurs when some members of a species occupy a habitat
that is isolated from other members
49. Adaptive radiation: a single ancestral species has evolved into a wide array of
descendant species
50. Sympatric speciation: speciation within the same range (no geographical barrier)
51. Isolating mechanisms: traits that prevent interbreeding and maintain reproductive
isolation
52. Prezygotic mechanisms: prevent formation of the zygote completely
53. Habitat isolation: caused by a geographic barrier
54. Temporal isolation: mating periods do not overlap
55. Behavioral isolation: mating limited due to differences in behavior
