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National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence.

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What does the survey say about changes in exposure to violence as children grow up? NatSCEV provides estimates of exposure to violence across the whole span of childhood. As figure 1 shows, children are exposed to high levels of physical assault and, to a somewhat lesser extent, property victimization even before their teens. By contrast, sexual assault victimization is relatively less common for younger children and increases as they grow up. Witnessing and indirect exposure to violence also rise sharply as children grow older. Nearly one-half of youth ages 14–17 witnessed violence in the previous year, and one-quarter of those youth were indirect victims of violence in the previous year (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, and Hamby, 2009). What happens when children are exposed to more violence and more kinds of violence? The study reveals how many children are exposed to multiple kinds of victimization even in a short timespan. Eleven percent of children had five or more different kinds of victimization exposure in a single year. These are the children (called “polyvictims”) whose victimization is most associated with other adversities and mental health problems. Another bulletin in the NatSCEV series that discusses multiple exposures to violence describes the plight of these children more extensively. The survey findings make it clear that when children are exposed to one form of violence, they are at increased risk for other kinds of violent victimization. For example, a child who was physically assaulted in the past year would be five times as likely to also be sexually assaulted in the same year. In addition, though all exposures increase the risk of problems, children who are exposed to multiple types of violence, crime, and abuse have been found to suffer from particularly elevated levels of anxiety and depression, and aggression and conduct problems. They are prone to dating violence, delinquency, further victimization, and involvement with the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. Moreover, being repeatedly exposed to violence may impair a child’s capacity for partnering and parenting later in life, continuing the cycle into the next generation (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby, and Kracke, 2009). Are all these exposures that NatSCEV measured really “violence”? Most social scientists define violence as acts of physical aggression, like a punch or a sexual assault. Some child advocates and professionals who work with children think of violence as including nonphysical acts that have the potential to harm children, including psychological abuse and neglect. NatSCEV assesses exposure to a broad range of victimizations that concern child advocates, including bullying (both physical and emotional), neglect, property crime, and Internet victimization. For clarity, the researchers recommend referring to all of these together not just as “violence,” but rather “exposure to violence, crime, and abuse.” Thus, 61 percent of children in this sample were exposed to violence, crime, or abuse in the past year. Because this statistic includes such a variety of exposures of differing kinds and degrees, it is apt to be misunderstood. Therefore, the researchers recommend that citations from the study always mention not only the global 61 percent for all exposures, but also other statistics that reflect more familiar categories of violence, such as children who were physically assaulted or were physically abused by a caregiver. What is “indirect” exposure and why was it counted? Mental health and trauma experts agree that children experience harm when they witness violence against others close at hand and in their neighborhood (Suglia et al., 2010). The study counted how many children saw or heard intimate partner violence in their households in the past year (6 percent) or violence among peers and in the community (19 percent). It also counted children whose school had been threatened with a bomb or attack in the past year (5 percent) or children exposed to wars and civil disturbances (0.7 percent), which would include recent refugees from war-ravaged areas of the world. The study did not, however, examine or count exposure to media violence. The study counts it as an assault when siblings and young children hit one another. Is this really assault? Some people wonder whether children hitting other children should be considered exposure to violence and abuse, in part because it is so common. In many cases, hitting among young children and siblings evokes considerable pain, fear, and humiliation. In terms of harm to the victims, research suggests that peer assaults by 4-year-olds differ little from peer assaults 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Victimized* 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Victim Age (years) 16 17 Any Victimization Physical Assault Property Victimization Witness Violence Indirect Exposure to Violence Maltreatment Sexual Victimization Figure 1: Past-Year Victimization by Type and Victim Age

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University of New Hampshire
University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository

Crimes Against Children Research Center Research Institutes, Centers and Programs


10-2011

Questions and Answers About the National Survey of Children's
Exposure to Violence.
David Finkelhor
University of New Hampshire - Main Campus,

Heather Turner
University of New Hampshire - Main Campus,

Sherry L. Hamby
The University of the South - Sewanee




Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/ccrc


Recommended Citation
David Finkelhor, Heather A. Turner, & Sherry L. Hamby. Questions and answers about the National Survey
of Children’s Exposure to Violence. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin - NCJ235163 (pgs. 1-4). Washington,
DC: US Government Printing Office.


This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Research Institutes, Centers and Programs at
University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Crimes Against Children
Research Center by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more
information, please contact .

, U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention




N AT I O N A L SURVEY OF

Children’s Exposure to Violence
Jeff Slowikowski, Acting Administrator October 2011

Office of Justice Programs Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods www.ojp.usdoj.gov



Questions and Answers About
the National Survey of Children’s
Exposure to Violence
David Finkelhor, Heather Turner, and Sherry Hamby
In June 1999, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency younger and children age 10 and older about 45 different kinds
Prevention (OJJDP) created the Safe Start Initiative to prevent of violence, abuse, and victimization in the past year and over
and reduce the impact of children’s exposure to violence. As part the course of their lifetime.
of this initiative and with the support of the Centers for Disease
What new information does NatSCEV provide about children’s
Control and Prevention (CDC), OJJDP launched the National Sur-
exposure to violence?
vey of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) to document
For the first time, NatSCEV provides information on the over-
the full extent of children’s exposure to violence. The Crimes
all scope of children’s exposure to violence nationwide, both
Against Children Research Center of the University of New
past-year and lifetime, across all ages from birth through age 17.
Hampshire designed and conducted the survey between January
Aggregating all of the direct and indirect exposures to different
and May 2008. NatSCEV is the first nationwide study to examine
types of violence assessed in the study, it found that more than
comprehensively the extent and nature of children’s exposure
three in five children (61 percent) had at least some exposure to
to violence across all ages and settings. The following questions
violence, crime, or abuse, direct or witnessed, during the previ-
and answers introduce the study and its findings. For a more
ous year. As discussed below, however, this number includes
detailed overview of NatSCEV, see the OJJDP bulletin, Children’s
many forms of exposure to violence, including indirect exposure
Exposure to Violence: A Comprehensive National Survey, available
(e.g., seeing an assault in the home or a shooting in the neighbor-
online at www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227744.pdf.
hood) and psychological or emotional violence (e.g., neglect or
What is the objective of NatSCEV? bullying), that are not counted in more traditional measures of
The survey provides comprehensive estimates of children’s violence.
exposure to a wide variety of violence, crime, and abuse, includ-
In addition, NatSCEV provides estimates of various kinds of
ing child maltreatment, bullying, community violence, domestic
childhood exposure to violence that were not available before.
violence, and sexual victimization.
Researchers learned that nearly 1 in 10 children witnessed an as-
What are the key features of NatSCEV? sault in their family over the course of a year and that 1 in 10 had
NatSCEV bases its estimates on a large, nationally representa- a violence-related injury in the past year. In addition, 6 percent of
tive sample of more than 4,500 children ages 17 and younger, children and youth were victimized sexually in the past year, and
including interviews of caregivers of children ages 9 and 10 percent were maltreated by a caregiver in the past year.



Access OJJDP publications online at ojjdp.gov.
Learn more about the Attorney General’s Defending Childhood Initiative at justice.gov/ag/defendingchildhood.
Find out more about OJJDP’s Safe Start Initiative at safestartcenter.org.

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