BMSC 207 Midterm (Mod 1-6). 241
Questions and Correct Answers. 100%
Correct, 2024/2025.
physiology
the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its
chemical and physical processes
emergent properties
properties of a complex system that cannot be explained by a knowledge of a system's individual
components
cells
smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out life processes
tissue
collection of cells carrying out related functions
organ
formation of tissues into a structural and functional unit
organ system
integrated groups of organs
the body is integrative, which means:
involves multiple organ systems at once
teleological approach
function or "why"
mechanistic approach
mechanism or "how"
homeostasis
the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in spite of exposure to external variability
extracellular fluid
surrounds cells, acts as a buffer between cells and the external environment
dynamic steady state
,materials constantly moving back and forth
law of mass balance
if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss
the body compartments are not in equilibrium, but rather:
stable disequilibrium
local control system
restricted to one area
reflex control system
widespread and uses long-distance signalling; broken down into response loop and feedback loop
order of control system actions
input signal, integrating centre, output signal, response
response loop
stimulus, sensor, input signal, integrating center, output signal, target, response
feedback loop
modulates the response loop, feeds back to ultimately influence the input
negative feedback loop
- a pathway in which the response opposes or removes the stimulus signal
- stabilizes a system (homeostatic)
- can restore the initial state but cannot prevent the initial disturbance
positive feedback loop
- NOT homeostatic
- reinforce a stimulus to drive the system further away from normal value
- requires intervention or event outside the loop to cease the response
feedforward control
- anticipatory
- occurs before physiological change
T/F: setpoints vary from person to person and may vary within an individual over time
T
biorhythms
variables that change predictably and create repeating patterns or cycles of changes
, circadian rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
functions of a cell membrane
physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, communication between cell and
environment, structural support
what is the cell membrane made of?
proteins, lipids, small amount of carbohydrates
the more metabolically active the membrane is, the more ______________ it contains
protein
3 types of lipids found in the cell membrane
phospholipid, sphingolipid, cholesterol
phospholipids have a ______________, hydrophilic ____________ and a _____________, hydrophobic
_______________
polar, head, nonpolar, tail
micelle
droplet of phospholipid important in digestion
liposome
phospholipid with an aqueous centre
purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane
increases viscosity and decreases permeability
what would a cell membrane with a high cholesterol content be like?
highly flexible, strong
integral proteins include:
transmembrane proteins and lipid-anchored proteins
roles of integral proteins
membrane receptors, cell adhesion molecules, transmembrane movement, enzymes, mediators of
intracellular signalling
peripheral proteins
attach to integral proteins, loosely attached to phospholipid head
roles of peripheral proteins
Questions and Correct Answers. 100%
Correct, 2024/2025.
physiology
the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its
chemical and physical processes
emergent properties
properties of a complex system that cannot be explained by a knowledge of a system's individual
components
cells
smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out life processes
tissue
collection of cells carrying out related functions
organ
formation of tissues into a structural and functional unit
organ system
integrated groups of organs
the body is integrative, which means:
involves multiple organ systems at once
teleological approach
function or "why"
mechanistic approach
mechanism or "how"
homeostasis
the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in spite of exposure to external variability
extracellular fluid
surrounds cells, acts as a buffer between cells and the external environment
dynamic steady state
,materials constantly moving back and forth
law of mass balance
if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss
the body compartments are not in equilibrium, but rather:
stable disequilibrium
local control system
restricted to one area
reflex control system
widespread and uses long-distance signalling; broken down into response loop and feedback loop
order of control system actions
input signal, integrating centre, output signal, response
response loop
stimulus, sensor, input signal, integrating center, output signal, target, response
feedback loop
modulates the response loop, feeds back to ultimately influence the input
negative feedback loop
- a pathway in which the response opposes or removes the stimulus signal
- stabilizes a system (homeostatic)
- can restore the initial state but cannot prevent the initial disturbance
positive feedback loop
- NOT homeostatic
- reinforce a stimulus to drive the system further away from normal value
- requires intervention or event outside the loop to cease the response
feedforward control
- anticipatory
- occurs before physiological change
T/F: setpoints vary from person to person and may vary within an individual over time
T
biorhythms
variables that change predictably and create repeating patterns or cycles of changes
, circadian rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
functions of a cell membrane
physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, communication between cell and
environment, structural support
what is the cell membrane made of?
proteins, lipids, small amount of carbohydrates
the more metabolically active the membrane is, the more ______________ it contains
protein
3 types of lipids found in the cell membrane
phospholipid, sphingolipid, cholesterol
phospholipids have a ______________, hydrophilic ____________ and a _____________, hydrophobic
_______________
polar, head, nonpolar, tail
micelle
droplet of phospholipid important in digestion
liposome
phospholipid with an aqueous centre
purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane
increases viscosity and decreases permeability
what would a cell membrane with a high cholesterol content be like?
highly flexible, strong
integral proteins include:
transmembrane proteins and lipid-anchored proteins
roles of integral proteins
membrane receptors, cell adhesion molecules, transmembrane movement, enzymes, mediators of
intracellular signalling
peripheral proteins
attach to integral proteins, loosely attached to phospholipid head
roles of peripheral proteins
