Module-1 ❖ DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN solid, liquid and gaseous ❖ Exhaust gas analysis 4.Calculate ΔH for the reaction by subtracting the sum of the ΔHf
❖ SOLID FUELS:- fuels- values of the reactants from the sum of the ΔHf values of the
products, taking into account the coefficients in the balanced
Exhaust gas analysis is used to measure the contaminants
Solid fuels are solid forms of materials that can release energy upon generated by automobiles, industrial operations, and power plants. equation to ensure the proper stoichiometry.
Solids Liquids Gases
burning, which provides heat and light through the process of The results of the investigation are used to evaluate the adherence
combustion. These fuels are discussed in contrast to liquid fuels to environmental rules and enhance the efficiency of fuel 5. Determine the quantity of reactants or products involved in the
Highly Strong The The
and gaseous fuels. Some common examples are wood, charcoal, combustion. reaction, typically in moles.
intermolecular intermolecular intermolecular
peat, coal, hexamine fuel tablets, dry dung, wood pellets, corn,
forces between forces are forces are
wheat, rye, etc. The most common types of solid fuels include wood,
the molecules, stronger than practically non- When analyzing a combustion reaction using the first law of 6.Use the calculated ΔH and the quantity of substances to calculate
biomass, peat, coal, coke, smokeless fuel, municipal waste, and
leads to a definite gases but weaker existent. Thus, thermodynamics, we consider the energy balance. We look at the the heat energy (q) using the equation:
rocket propellant. The calorific value for these fuels varies heat released or absorbed during the reaction and the change in
volume in Solids. than solids. there is no
depending on the carbon content, hydrogen content, non-
definite volume. internal energy of the system. It helps us understand how energy is
combustible or ash content, and water content. We can measure the q = ΔH × moles.
transferred and conserved during the combustion process.
heat produced by burning as the heat of combustion, which is an
exact measure typically determined with bomb calorimetry. Solids have a Liquids do not Gases do not have This process allows you to find the heat energy associated with a
definite shape to have a definite a definite shape. The purpose of the exhaust gas analysis is to determine the chemical reaction under standard conditions. Keep in mind that if
them. shape. composition and concentration of the different gases. The analysis
Solid fuels are often cheaper than liquid and gaseous fuels. the reaction is not conducted under standard conditions
is essential, especially for evaluating the air-fuel ratio, surplus air,
Moreover, these are easier to extract and more stable to transport. products of combustion, and unburned constituents. As this is a
In addition, solid fuels are readily available in many places. Coal is a The The The ❖ The adiabatic flame temperature
pivotal factor in environmental preservation and pollution control,
particularly important solid fuel that is used by about 38.1% of the intermolecular intermolecular intermolecular it is essential to understand the various techniques of exhaust gas
world’s electricity generation. This is because it is less expensive. space between space is moderate space is free- analysis and their applications. The adiabatic flame temperature is an essential concept in applied
solids is absent. but present. flowing and
thermodynamics, particularly in the study of combustion processes.
❖ LIQUID FUELS:- plenty.
❖ First law analysis of combustion reactions It refers to the maximum temperature that can be achieved in a
combustion reaction under the assumption of adiabatic conditions,
Liquid fuels are liquid forms of material that can release energy The force of The force of There is no meaning no heat exchange with the surroundings.
attraction attraction intermolecular The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Energy
that can be used for work. The most common forms of liquid fuels
between the between force of attraction Conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed,
include petroleum, including crude oil and products of petroleum only transformed from one form to another. In the context of Here are the key points related to adiabatic flame 1.temperature
refining, natural gas liquids, biofuels, liquid-derived hydrocarbons, molecules is molecules is between the
combustion reactions, this principle is applied to understand the Adiabatic Process: In the context of combustion, an adiabatic
etc.Liquid fuels can undergo combustion to generate energy and incredibly high. pretty moderate. molecules.
energy changes during the reaction. process means that there is no heat transfer in or out of the system.
can be harnessed to generate mechanical energy such as kinetic This assumption is idealized, as in real-world scenarios, some heat
energy. Liquid fuels take the shape of a container, similar to other They are Liquids cannot be Gases can be exchange with the surroundings is inevitable.
liquids. Typically, the fume of the liquid is flammable instead of the Combustion reactions involve the burning of a substance (fuel) in
incompressible compressed compressed quite
liquid itself.liquid fuels are usually formed from fossil fuels. Several the presence of oxygen, resulting in the formation of products
easily.
other forms, such as hydrogen fuels that have automotive use, (typically carbon dioxide and water) and the release of heat. 2.Maximum Temperature: The adiabatic flame temperature
ethanol, and biodiesel, can also be categorized as liquid fuel. These According to the First Law, the energy released as heat (\(Q\)) represents the highest temperature that the products of
liquid fuels play a primary role in the economy and transportation Solids have a Liquids have a Gases have no during combustion comes from the chemical potential energy combustion can reach during the combustion process. It occurs
needs. definite shape and definite volume. definite volume. stored in the fuel. when the reactants are completely converted into products, and all
volume. the energy released by the combustion reaction is retained within
the system.
❖ GASEOUS FUELS:- The mathematical expression of the First Law is:
Dependent on Fuel and Oxidizer: The adiabatic flame temperature
Gaseous fuels are gas forms of material that can release energy to ΔU = Q – W depends on the type of fuel being burned and the oxidizer (usually
perform work. These are also known as fuel gas. These are in the ❖ Stoichiometry air) used.
gas phase under ordinary conditions. Typically, fuel gas contains where ΔU represents the change in internal energy of the system,
hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, etc. Gaseous fuels are In simple words, we can define, Stoichiometry as the calculation of (Q) is the heat exchanged (negative for heat released), and (W) is
great sources of potential heat energy or light energy. We can products and reactants in a chemical reaction. It is basically the work done by the system (positive if the system performs work
readily transmit this energy and distribute it through concerned with numbers. Stoichiometry is an important concept in on its surroundings).
pipes.Gaseous fuels can be liquefied to store and transport easily. Chemistry that helps us use balanced chemical equations to
The gaseous nature of these fuels has advantages, though it is calculate amounts of reactants and products. Here, we make use of
difficult to transport as it is, and there are dangers of leakage. This In combustion, (Q) is negative as heat is released, and (W) may be
ratios from the balanced equation. In general, all the reactions that
can, in turn, cause gas explosions. Therefore, we can add considered if there is a significant volume change. This law helps
take place are dependent on one main factor, that is, how much
deodorizers to most gaseous fuels to detect their smell easily.We quantify how the internal energy of the system changes and how
substance is present. Stoichiometry is based on the principle of the
can find two major types of gaseous fuels as manufactured fuel gas energy is conserved during the combustion process.
law of conservation of mass. According to this law, the total mass of
and well or mined extracted fuel gas. the reactants is equal to that of the product. Since chemical
reactions neither create nor destroy matter, the amount of each ❖ Heat calculations using enthalpy tables
The purpose of the exhaust gas analysis is to determine the element is the same throughout the reaction. The number of atoms
composition and concentration of the different gases. The analysis of a particular element on the reactant side is equal to the number involve using the change in enthalpy (ΔH) for chemical reactions to
is essential, especially for evaluating the air-fuel ratio, surplus air, of atoms of that element on the product side determine the amount of heat energy absorbed or released during
products of combustion, and unburned constituents. As this is a the reaction. Enthalpy tables provide standard enthalpy values for
pivotal factor in environmental preservation and pollution control, various substances and can be used to calculate ΔH for a given
it is essential to understand the various techniques of exhaust gas reaction.Here are the basic steps for heat calculations using
analysis and their applications. enthalpy tables:
1 Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of interest.
2.Look up the standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf)
3.values for each reactant and product in the reaction from the
enthalpy table. These values represent the change in enthalpy when
one mole of a substance is formed from its elements in their
standard states.
, Module-2 enters the boiler. This is achieved by passing the working fluid expansion in the turbine which indirectly allows more
❖ Vapor power cycles Rankine cycle with superheat through a series of heat exchangers, where it exchanges heat with boiler pressure to be used to increase the efficiency.
the hot flue gases leaving the boiler and the cooler water returning
from the condenser. By preheating the working fluid, less heat needs
The Rankine cycle with superheat is a type of vapor power cycle
to be supplied in the boiler, reducing fuel consumption and
used in power plants to generate electricity. It is based on the
improving overall efficiency.*The combination of superheating, • The efficiency of Rankine cycle may or may not be
principles of thermodynamics and involves the use of a working improved by reheating. It depends on whether
reheat, and regeneration in the Rankine cycle allows for even higher
fluid, typically water, to convert heat energy into mechanical reheating has increased the mean temperature of heat
thermal efficiencies and improved power plant performance. These
work.*The Rankine cycle with superheat consists of four main addition to the cycle. If mean temperature of heat
components: a boiler, a turbine, a condenser, and a pump. The cycle enhancements help to maximize the conversion of heat energy into
mechanical work, resulting in increased power output and reduced addition increased due to reheating, then it will
begins with the boiler, where heat is applied to the working fluid, improve the thermal efficiency.
environmental impact.
raising its temperature and pressure. This process is known as
superheating, as the working fluid is heated above its saturation
temperature.*The high-pressure, high-temperature working fluid
then enters the turbine, where it expands and does work on the • By deploying a reheater, the specific fuel consumption
turbine blades. This work output is used to drive a generator, decreases because the mass of steam required will
producing electrical power. As the working fluid expands in the decrease due to reheating.
turbine, its temperature and pressure decrease.*After leaving the
turbine, the low-pressure, low-temperature working fluid enters
the condenser, where it is cooled and condensed back into a liquid
state. Heat is transferred from the working fluid to a cooling
• The size of the boiler decreases because of the above
reason.
medium, typically water from a nearby water source or a cooling
tower.*Finally, the condensed working fluid is pumped back to the ❖ Gas power cycle
boiler, completing the cycle. The pump increases the pressure of
the working fluid to prepare it for the next round of heating in the • The specific volume of steam reduces or there is a
boiler.*The Rankine cycle with superheat is advantageous reduction in steam volume and heat to the condenser Gas power cycle, the working fluid is typically air or a mixture of air
compared to the basic Rankine cycle because it allows for higher due to the increase in boiler pressure which can be and fuel. The cycle begins with the compression of the working fluid
thermal efficiencies. By superheating the working fluid before it attained with the help of reheating. in a compressor, which increases its pressure and temperature. The
enters the turbine, more heat energy can be converted into compressed air then enters a combustion chamber where fuel is
mechanical work. This results in increased power output and added and ignited, resulting in a rapid increase in temperature and
improved overall efficiency of the power plant
• A small condenser is only required because of the
pressure.*The high-pressure, high-temperature gases produced in
the combustion chamber then expand through a turbine, where they
above reasons.
do work by rotating the turbine blades. This work is used to drive a
❖ ultra-super-critical Rankine cycle: generator, which produces electrical power. After expanding
through the turbine, the gases are exhausted to the atmosphere or
Regenerative Rankine Cycle
used for other purposes, such as heating.*The exhaust gases from
An ultra-supercritical Rankine cycle is an advanced version of the the turbine are typically still hot, so they are passed through a heat
supercritical Rankine cycle that operates at even higher exchanger, known as a recuperator, where they transfer heat to the
temperatures and pressures. This further improves the thermal • Ideal regeneration utilizes the concept of Non- incoming compressed air. This preheating of the air improves the
efficiency of the cycle and reduces fuel consumption and extraction feed heating where the efficiency of the same efficiency of the cycle by reducing the amount of fuel needed for
emissions.*In an ultra-supercritical Rankine cycle, the working fluid is equal to the Carnot efficiency. However, in actual combustion.One advantage of a gas power cycle is its ability to
is heated to temperatures above 600°C and operates at pressures regeneration, a part of a steam is bleed at certain stages operate at high temperatures, which allows for high thermal
above 240 bar. These extreme conditions require the use of of expansion and its efficiency is less than Carnot efficiencies. Gas turbines can achieve efficiencies of over 40% in
advanced materials and design techniques to handle the high efficiency. combined cycle configurations, where waste heat from the gas
temperatures and pressures.*The higher temperatures in an ultra- turbine is used to generate steam and drive a steam turbine.Gas
supercritical cycle allow for even more efficient heat transfer in the power cycles are commonly used in gas turbine power plants,
boiler, resulting in increased thermal efficiency. The increased aircraft engines, and industrial processes where high power output
pressure also allows for higher turbine inlet temperatures, which • The main purpose of regenerative Rankine cycle is to and efficiency
further improves the cycle efficiency.The use of an ultra- improve the efficiency of Rankine cycle by increasing are required. They offer advantages such as quick start-up times,
supercritical Rankine cycle can significantly reduce fuel the mean temperature of heat addition. flexibility 2.in fuel choice, and low emissions when compared to
consumption and emissions compared to traditional power plants. other power generation technologies.issions.
The higher thermal efficiency means that less fuel is required to
generate the same amount of power, resulting in reduced
greenhouse gas emA gas power cycle, also known as a Brayton cycle,
• Specific steam consumption increases in the boiler to
compensate bleeding from the turbine.
is a thermodynamic cycle that converts the chemical energy of a fuel
into mechanical work. It operates on the principle of a gas being
compressed, heated, expanded, and then cooled to complete a cycle.
• The size of the boiler is increased compared to the
reheat Rankine cycle because of the above reason.
❖ Comparison between Reheat & Regenerative Rankine
Cycle
Reheat Rankine Cycle • Steam flow to the condenser decreases due to bleeding,
❖ reheat and regeneration: so here also a small condenser is only required.
Reheat involves dividing the turbine into multiple stages and • Basic arrangement behind reheating is that, after initial
reheating the working fluid between these stages. After the first expansion of steam in the turbine, the same steam is • Due to regeneration, there is no change in dryness
stage of expansion in the turbine, the working fluid is extracted and further expanded in another turbine with the help of a fraction of steam.
sent back to the boiler to be reheated. This reheated fluid then reheater.
enters the next stage of expansion in the turbine, allowing for
additional work output. Reheating helps to increase the average
temperature at which heat is added to the working fluid, resulting • Pumping power in the regenerative cycle is high
in higher thermal efficiency.*Regeneration involves utilizing waste • The main purpose of reheating in Rankine cycle is to compared to Rankine cycle as it deploys more feed
heat from the condenser to preheat the working fluid before it increase the dryness fraction of steam after the pumps to circulate water compared to reheat Rankine
cycle.
❖ SOLID FUELS:- fuels- values of the reactants from the sum of the ΔHf values of the
products, taking into account the coefficients in the balanced
Exhaust gas analysis is used to measure the contaminants
Solid fuels are solid forms of materials that can release energy upon generated by automobiles, industrial operations, and power plants. equation to ensure the proper stoichiometry.
Solids Liquids Gases
burning, which provides heat and light through the process of The results of the investigation are used to evaluate the adherence
combustion. These fuels are discussed in contrast to liquid fuels to environmental rules and enhance the efficiency of fuel 5. Determine the quantity of reactants or products involved in the
Highly Strong The The
and gaseous fuels. Some common examples are wood, charcoal, combustion. reaction, typically in moles.
intermolecular intermolecular intermolecular
peat, coal, hexamine fuel tablets, dry dung, wood pellets, corn,
forces between forces are forces are
wheat, rye, etc. The most common types of solid fuels include wood,
the molecules, stronger than practically non- When analyzing a combustion reaction using the first law of 6.Use the calculated ΔH and the quantity of substances to calculate
biomass, peat, coal, coke, smokeless fuel, municipal waste, and
leads to a definite gases but weaker existent. Thus, thermodynamics, we consider the energy balance. We look at the the heat energy (q) using the equation:
rocket propellant. The calorific value for these fuels varies heat released or absorbed during the reaction and the change in
volume in Solids. than solids. there is no
depending on the carbon content, hydrogen content, non-
definite volume. internal energy of the system. It helps us understand how energy is
combustible or ash content, and water content. We can measure the q = ΔH × moles.
transferred and conserved during the combustion process.
heat produced by burning as the heat of combustion, which is an
exact measure typically determined with bomb calorimetry. Solids have a Liquids do not Gases do not have This process allows you to find the heat energy associated with a
definite shape to have a definite a definite shape. The purpose of the exhaust gas analysis is to determine the chemical reaction under standard conditions. Keep in mind that if
them. shape. composition and concentration of the different gases. The analysis
Solid fuels are often cheaper than liquid and gaseous fuels. the reaction is not conducted under standard conditions
is essential, especially for evaluating the air-fuel ratio, surplus air,
Moreover, these are easier to extract and more stable to transport. products of combustion, and unburned constituents. As this is a
In addition, solid fuels are readily available in many places. Coal is a The The The ❖ The adiabatic flame temperature
pivotal factor in environmental preservation and pollution control,
particularly important solid fuel that is used by about 38.1% of the intermolecular intermolecular intermolecular it is essential to understand the various techniques of exhaust gas
world’s electricity generation. This is because it is less expensive. space between space is moderate space is free- analysis and their applications. The adiabatic flame temperature is an essential concept in applied
solids is absent. but present. flowing and
thermodynamics, particularly in the study of combustion processes.
❖ LIQUID FUELS:- plenty.
❖ First law analysis of combustion reactions It refers to the maximum temperature that can be achieved in a
combustion reaction under the assumption of adiabatic conditions,
Liquid fuels are liquid forms of material that can release energy The force of The force of There is no meaning no heat exchange with the surroundings.
attraction attraction intermolecular The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Energy
that can be used for work. The most common forms of liquid fuels
between the between force of attraction Conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed,
include petroleum, including crude oil and products of petroleum only transformed from one form to another. In the context of Here are the key points related to adiabatic flame 1.temperature
refining, natural gas liquids, biofuels, liquid-derived hydrocarbons, molecules is molecules is between the
combustion reactions, this principle is applied to understand the Adiabatic Process: In the context of combustion, an adiabatic
etc.Liquid fuels can undergo combustion to generate energy and incredibly high. pretty moderate. molecules.
energy changes during the reaction. process means that there is no heat transfer in or out of the system.
can be harnessed to generate mechanical energy such as kinetic This assumption is idealized, as in real-world scenarios, some heat
energy. Liquid fuels take the shape of a container, similar to other They are Liquids cannot be Gases can be exchange with the surroundings is inevitable.
liquids. Typically, the fume of the liquid is flammable instead of the Combustion reactions involve the burning of a substance (fuel) in
incompressible compressed compressed quite
liquid itself.liquid fuels are usually formed from fossil fuels. Several the presence of oxygen, resulting in the formation of products
easily.
other forms, such as hydrogen fuels that have automotive use, (typically carbon dioxide and water) and the release of heat. 2.Maximum Temperature: The adiabatic flame temperature
ethanol, and biodiesel, can also be categorized as liquid fuel. These According to the First Law, the energy released as heat (\(Q\)) represents the highest temperature that the products of
liquid fuels play a primary role in the economy and transportation Solids have a Liquids have a Gases have no during combustion comes from the chemical potential energy combustion can reach during the combustion process. It occurs
needs. definite shape and definite volume. definite volume. stored in the fuel. when the reactants are completely converted into products, and all
volume. the energy released by the combustion reaction is retained within
the system.
❖ GASEOUS FUELS:- The mathematical expression of the First Law is:
Dependent on Fuel and Oxidizer: The adiabatic flame temperature
Gaseous fuels are gas forms of material that can release energy to ΔU = Q – W depends on the type of fuel being burned and the oxidizer (usually
perform work. These are also known as fuel gas. These are in the ❖ Stoichiometry air) used.
gas phase under ordinary conditions. Typically, fuel gas contains where ΔU represents the change in internal energy of the system,
hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, etc. Gaseous fuels are In simple words, we can define, Stoichiometry as the calculation of (Q) is the heat exchanged (negative for heat released), and (W) is
great sources of potential heat energy or light energy. We can products and reactants in a chemical reaction. It is basically the work done by the system (positive if the system performs work
readily transmit this energy and distribute it through concerned with numbers. Stoichiometry is an important concept in on its surroundings).
pipes.Gaseous fuels can be liquefied to store and transport easily. Chemistry that helps us use balanced chemical equations to
The gaseous nature of these fuels has advantages, though it is calculate amounts of reactants and products. Here, we make use of
difficult to transport as it is, and there are dangers of leakage. This In combustion, (Q) is negative as heat is released, and (W) may be
ratios from the balanced equation. In general, all the reactions that
can, in turn, cause gas explosions. Therefore, we can add considered if there is a significant volume change. This law helps
take place are dependent on one main factor, that is, how much
deodorizers to most gaseous fuels to detect their smell easily.We quantify how the internal energy of the system changes and how
substance is present. Stoichiometry is based on the principle of the
can find two major types of gaseous fuels as manufactured fuel gas energy is conserved during the combustion process.
law of conservation of mass. According to this law, the total mass of
and well or mined extracted fuel gas. the reactants is equal to that of the product. Since chemical
reactions neither create nor destroy matter, the amount of each ❖ Heat calculations using enthalpy tables
The purpose of the exhaust gas analysis is to determine the element is the same throughout the reaction. The number of atoms
composition and concentration of the different gases. The analysis of a particular element on the reactant side is equal to the number involve using the change in enthalpy (ΔH) for chemical reactions to
is essential, especially for evaluating the air-fuel ratio, surplus air, of atoms of that element on the product side determine the amount of heat energy absorbed or released during
products of combustion, and unburned constituents. As this is a the reaction. Enthalpy tables provide standard enthalpy values for
pivotal factor in environmental preservation and pollution control, various substances and can be used to calculate ΔH for a given
it is essential to understand the various techniques of exhaust gas reaction.Here are the basic steps for heat calculations using
analysis and their applications. enthalpy tables:
1 Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of interest.
2.Look up the standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf)
3.values for each reactant and product in the reaction from the
enthalpy table. These values represent the change in enthalpy when
one mole of a substance is formed from its elements in their
standard states.
, Module-2 enters the boiler. This is achieved by passing the working fluid expansion in the turbine which indirectly allows more
❖ Vapor power cycles Rankine cycle with superheat through a series of heat exchangers, where it exchanges heat with boiler pressure to be used to increase the efficiency.
the hot flue gases leaving the boiler and the cooler water returning
from the condenser. By preheating the working fluid, less heat needs
The Rankine cycle with superheat is a type of vapor power cycle
to be supplied in the boiler, reducing fuel consumption and
used in power plants to generate electricity. It is based on the
improving overall efficiency.*The combination of superheating, • The efficiency of Rankine cycle may or may not be
principles of thermodynamics and involves the use of a working improved by reheating. It depends on whether
reheat, and regeneration in the Rankine cycle allows for even higher
fluid, typically water, to convert heat energy into mechanical reheating has increased the mean temperature of heat
thermal efficiencies and improved power plant performance. These
work.*The Rankine cycle with superheat consists of four main addition to the cycle. If mean temperature of heat
components: a boiler, a turbine, a condenser, and a pump. The cycle enhancements help to maximize the conversion of heat energy into
mechanical work, resulting in increased power output and reduced addition increased due to reheating, then it will
begins with the boiler, where heat is applied to the working fluid, improve the thermal efficiency.
environmental impact.
raising its temperature and pressure. This process is known as
superheating, as the working fluid is heated above its saturation
temperature.*The high-pressure, high-temperature working fluid
then enters the turbine, where it expands and does work on the • By deploying a reheater, the specific fuel consumption
turbine blades. This work output is used to drive a generator, decreases because the mass of steam required will
producing electrical power. As the working fluid expands in the decrease due to reheating.
turbine, its temperature and pressure decrease.*After leaving the
turbine, the low-pressure, low-temperature working fluid enters
the condenser, where it is cooled and condensed back into a liquid
state. Heat is transferred from the working fluid to a cooling
• The size of the boiler decreases because of the above
reason.
medium, typically water from a nearby water source or a cooling
tower.*Finally, the condensed working fluid is pumped back to the ❖ Gas power cycle
boiler, completing the cycle. The pump increases the pressure of
the working fluid to prepare it for the next round of heating in the • The specific volume of steam reduces or there is a
boiler.*The Rankine cycle with superheat is advantageous reduction in steam volume and heat to the condenser Gas power cycle, the working fluid is typically air or a mixture of air
compared to the basic Rankine cycle because it allows for higher due to the increase in boiler pressure which can be and fuel. The cycle begins with the compression of the working fluid
thermal efficiencies. By superheating the working fluid before it attained with the help of reheating. in a compressor, which increases its pressure and temperature. The
enters the turbine, more heat energy can be converted into compressed air then enters a combustion chamber where fuel is
mechanical work. This results in increased power output and added and ignited, resulting in a rapid increase in temperature and
improved overall efficiency of the power plant
• A small condenser is only required because of the
pressure.*The high-pressure, high-temperature gases produced in
the combustion chamber then expand through a turbine, where they
above reasons.
do work by rotating the turbine blades. This work is used to drive a
❖ ultra-super-critical Rankine cycle: generator, which produces electrical power. After expanding
through the turbine, the gases are exhausted to the atmosphere or
Regenerative Rankine Cycle
used for other purposes, such as heating.*The exhaust gases from
An ultra-supercritical Rankine cycle is an advanced version of the the turbine are typically still hot, so they are passed through a heat
supercritical Rankine cycle that operates at even higher exchanger, known as a recuperator, where they transfer heat to the
temperatures and pressures. This further improves the thermal • Ideal regeneration utilizes the concept of Non- incoming compressed air. This preheating of the air improves the
efficiency of the cycle and reduces fuel consumption and extraction feed heating where the efficiency of the same efficiency of the cycle by reducing the amount of fuel needed for
emissions.*In an ultra-supercritical Rankine cycle, the working fluid is equal to the Carnot efficiency. However, in actual combustion.One advantage of a gas power cycle is its ability to
is heated to temperatures above 600°C and operates at pressures regeneration, a part of a steam is bleed at certain stages operate at high temperatures, which allows for high thermal
above 240 bar. These extreme conditions require the use of of expansion and its efficiency is less than Carnot efficiencies. Gas turbines can achieve efficiencies of over 40% in
advanced materials and design techniques to handle the high efficiency. combined cycle configurations, where waste heat from the gas
temperatures and pressures.*The higher temperatures in an ultra- turbine is used to generate steam and drive a steam turbine.Gas
supercritical cycle allow for even more efficient heat transfer in the power cycles are commonly used in gas turbine power plants,
boiler, resulting in increased thermal efficiency. The increased aircraft engines, and industrial processes where high power output
pressure also allows for higher turbine inlet temperatures, which • The main purpose of regenerative Rankine cycle is to and efficiency
further improves the cycle efficiency.The use of an ultra- improve the efficiency of Rankine cycle by increasing are required. They offer advantages such as quick start-up times,
supercritical Rankine cycle can significantly reduce fuel the mean temperature of heat addition. flexibility 2.in fuel choice, and low emissions when compared to
consumption and emissions compared to traditional power plants. other power generation technologies.issions.
The higher thermal efficiency means that less fuel is required to
generate the same amount of power, resulting in reduced
greenhouse gas emA gas power cycle, also known as a Brayton cycle,
• Specific steam consumption increases in the boiler to
compensate bleeding from the turbine.
is a thermodynamic cycle that converts the chemical energy of a fuel
into mechanical work. It operates on the principle of a gas being
compressed, heated, expanded, and then cooled to complete a cycle.
• The size of the boiler is increased compared to the
reheat Rankine cycle because of the above reason.
❖ Comparison between Reheat & Regenerative Rankine
Cycle
Reheat Rankine Cycle • Steam flow to the condenser decreases due to bleeding,
❖ reheat and regeneration: so here also a small condenser is only required.
Reheat involves dividing the turbine into multiple stages and • Basic arrangement behind reheating is that, after initial
reheating the working fluid between these stages. After the first expansion of steam in the turbine, the same steam is • Due to regeneration, there is no change in dryness
stage of expansion in the turbine, the working fluid is extracted and further expanded in another turbine with the help of a fraction of steam.
sent back to the boiler to be reheated. This reheated fluid then reheater.
enters the next stage of expansion in the turbine, allowing for
additional work output. Reheating helps to increase the average
temperature at which heat is added to the working fluid, resulting • Pumping power in the regenerative cycle is high
in higher thermal efficiency.*Regeneration involves utilizing waste • The main purpose of reheating in Rankine cycle is to compared to Rankine cycle as it deploys more feed
heat from the condenser to preheat the working fluid before it increase the dryness fraction of steam after the pumps to circulate water compared to reheat Rankine
cycle.
