BIOL214 EXAM 2024-2025 WITH LATEST
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
Glucose to G6P enzyme - ANS-hexokinase
F6P to F1,6BP enzyme - ANS-PFK1
PEP to pyruvate enzyme - ANS-pyruvate kinase
Von Gierke's Disease - ANS-glycogen storage disease (G6Pase deficiency)
myocardial infarction - ANS-blockage of O2 supply to heart, cell relies on glycolysis, ion pumps not
maintained, organelles swell.
Ischaemic injury - ANS-low blood flow, low pumps, wrong Na/K balance, cells swell, lactate produced,
succinate accumulates, succinate dehydrogenase reverses. when goes forward = ROS produced
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - ANS-A metabolic process that produces 2NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate
for nucleotide synthesis.
,pentose phosphate pathway steps - ANS-G6P, 6 phosphogluconate, ribulose 5 phosphate, ribose 5
phosphate
Glutathione - ANS-GSSG -> 2GSH (PPP)
non oxidative PPP - ANS-regenerates G6P from R5P to produce more NADPH via transketolase and
transaldolase
PPP regulation - ANS-NADPH stops G6P to 6PG and pushes pathway to glycolysis
G6P dehydrogenase deficiency - ANS-resistance to malaria, high RBC oxidative stress, fava beans and
primaquines increase ROS, RBCs lyse
glycerol in the liver - ANS-glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
fatty acids to tissues - ANS-acetyl coa to TCA
glucagon and HSL - ANS-glucagon -> receptor -> g protein cascade pathway -> HSL activation
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA - ANS-pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
pyruvate to lactate - ANS-lactate dehydrogenase
pyruvate to acetaldehyde - ANS-pyruvate decarboxylase
acetaldehyde to ethanol - ANS-alcohol dehydrogenase
pyruvate to oxaloacetate - ANS-pyruvate carboxylase
Oxaloacetate to PEP - ANS-PEP carboxykinase
, F16BP to F6P - ANS-FBPase1
G6P to glucose - ANS-glucose-6-phosphatase
f6p to f26bp - ANS-PFK2
Glycogen alpha 1-4 bonds breakdown - ANS-glycogen phosphorylase
remove 3 alpha and cleave 1-6 - ANS-debranching enzyme
G1P to G6P - ANS-phosphoglucomutase
G1P --> UDP-glucose - ANS-UDP-glucose phosphorylase
UDP to alpha 1-4 synthesis - ANS-glycogen synthase
add chains to make 1-6 linkages - ANS-branching enzyme
g6p to 6-phosphogluconate - ANS-G6P dehydrogenase
FA to fatty acyl coa - ANS-fatty acyl coa synthetase
fatty acyl coa to fatty acyl carnitine - ANS-carnitine acyl transferase
unsaturated fatty acid oxidation - ANS-isomerase and reductase
Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA - ANS-Acetyl CoA carboxylase
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
Glucose to G6P enzyme - ANS-hexokinase
F6P to F1,6BP enzyme - ANS-PFK1
PEP to pyruvate enzyme - ANS-pyruvate kinase
Von Gierke's Disease - ANS-glycogen storage disease (G6Pase deficiency)
myocardial infarction - ANS-blockage of O2 supply to heart, cell relies on glycolysis, ion pumps not
maintained, organelles swell.
Ischaemic injury - ANS-low blood flow, low pumps, wrong Na/K balance, cells swell, lactate produced,
succinate accumulates, succinate dehydrogenase reverses. when goes forward = ROS produced
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - ANS-A metabolic process that produces 2NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate
for nucleotide synthesis.
,pentose phosphate pathway steps - ANS-G6P, 6 phosphogluconate, ribulose 5 phosphate, ribose 5
phosphate
Glutathione - ANS-GSSG -> 2GSH (PPP)
non oxidative PPP - ANS-regenerates G6P from R5P to produce more NADPH via transketolase and
transaldolase
PPP regulation - ANS-NADPH stops G6P to 6PG and pushes pathway to glycolysis
G6P dehydrogenase deficiency - ANS-resistance to malaria, high RBC oxidative stress, fava beans and
primaquines increase ROS, RBCs lyse
glycerol in the liver - ANS-glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
fatty acids to tissues - ANS-acetyl coa to TCA
glucagon and HSL - ANS-glucagon -> receptor -> g protein cascade pathway -> HSL activation
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA - ANS-pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
pyruvate to lactate - ANS-lactate dehydrogenase
pyruvate to acetaldehyde - ANS-pyruvate decarboxylase
acetaldehyde to ethanol - ANS-alcohol dehydrogenase
pyruvate to oxaloacetate - ANS-pyruvate carboxylase
Oxaloacetate to PEP - ANS-PEP carboxykinase
, F16BP to F6P - ANS-FBPase1
G6P to glucose - ANS-glucose-6-phosphatase
f6p to f26bp - ANS-PFK2
Glycogen alpha 1-4 bonds breakdown - ANS-glycogen phosphorylase
remove 3 alpha and cleave 1-6 - ANS-debranching enzyme
G1P to G6P - ANS-phosphoglucomutase
G1P --> UDP-glucose - ANS-UDP-glucose phosphorylase
UDP to alpha 1-4 synthesis - ANS-glycogen synthase
add chains to make 1-6 linkages - ANS-branching enzyme
g6p to 6-phosphogluconate - ANS-G6P dehydrogenase
FA to fatty acyl coa - ANS-fatty acyl coa synthetase
fatty acyl coa to fatty acyl carnitine - ANS-carnitine acyl transferase
unsaturated fatty acid oxidation - ANS-isomerase and reductase
Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA - ANS-Acetyl CoA carboxylase
