NR 283 REAL EXAM LATEST
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
ALREADY PASSED 100%
1. **Cellular Adaptation and Injury**
#### Question 1
**What are the main types of cellular adaptation, and how
do they help cells respond to stress?**
**Answer:**
Cells adapt to stress by undergoing changes in size,
number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions. The
main types of cellular adaptations include:
- **Hypertrophy:** Increase in cell size due to increased
workload or demand, seen in muscle cells of athletes or
cardiac muscle cells in hypertension.
- **Hyperplasia:** Increase in the number of cells, as seen
in the proliferation of glandular epithelium in the breast
during puberty or the liver regenerating after partial
hepatectomy.
- **Atrophy:** Decrease in cell size and function due to
reduced use, insufficient nutrition, or lack of hormonal
stimulation, such as muscle wasting in paralysis.
,- **Metaplasia:** Replacement of one differentiated cell
type with another, as seen in the respiratory epithelium of
smokers, where columnar cells are replaced by squamous
cells.
- **Dysplasia:** Abnormal development or growth of cells,
often a precursor to cancer, characterized by changes in
size, shape, and organization.
#### Question 2
**Describe the pathophysiological process of cell injury
and the difference between reversible and irreversible
injury.**
**Answer:**
Cell injury occurs when cells are exposed to harmful
stimuli, and it can be reversible or irreversible depending
on the extent and duration of the insult.
- **Reversible Injury:** Initial cell injury can be reversed if
the harmful stimulus is removed. It is characterized by
cellular swelling due to ionic imbalance and organelle
dysfunction, and fatty change due to metabolic disruption.
The cell can recover its function upon the removal of the
stimulus.
- **Irreversible Injury:** Occurs when the damage is too
severe or prolonged, leading to cell death. It is marked by
, severe membrane damage, mitochondrial dysfunction,
and nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and
karyolysis). Irreversible injury leads to necrosis or
apoptosis.
### 2. **Genetic and Congenital Disorders**
#### Question 3
**Explain the difference between autosomal dominant and
autosomal recessive inheritance patterns. Provide
examples of each.**
**Answer:**
- **Autosomal Dominant Inheritance:** Only one copy of
the mutated gene, inherited from either parent, is sufficient
to cause the disorder. The affected individual has a 50%
chance of passing the mutation to offspring. Examples
include Huntington's disease and Marfan syndrome.
- **Autosomal Recessive Inheritance:** Two copies of the
mutated gene, one from each parent, are required for the
individual to be affected. Carriers, with one mutated gene,
are typically asymptomatic. Examples include cystic
fibrosis and sickle cell anemia.
#### Question 4
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
ALREADY PASSED 100%
1. **Cellular Adaptation and Injury**
#### Question 1
**What are the main types of cellular adaptation, and how
do they help cells respond to stress?**
**Answer:**
Cells adapt to stress by undergoing changes in size,
number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions. The
main types of cellular adaptations include:
- **Hypertrophy:** Increase in cell size due to increased
workload or demand, seen in muscle cells of athletes or
cardiac muscle cells in hypertension.
- **Hyperplasia:** Increase in the number of cells, as seen
in the proliferation of glandular epithelium in the breast
during puberty or the liver regenerating after partial
hepatectomy.
- **Atrophy:** Decrease in cell size and function due to
reduced use, insufficient nutrition, or lack of hormonal
stimulation, such as muscle wasting in paralysis.
,- **Metaplasia:** Replacement of one differentiated cell
type with another, as seen in the respiratory epithelium of
smokers, where columnar cells are replaced by squamous
cells.
- **Dysplasia:** Abnormal development or growth of cells,
often a precursor to cancer, characterized by changes in
size, shape, and organization.
#### Question 2
**Describe the pathophysiological process of cell injury
and the difference between reversible and irreversible
injury.**
**Answer:**
Cell injury occurs when cells are exposed to harmful
stimuli, and it can be reversible or irreversible depending
on the extent and duration of the insult.
- **Reversible Injury:** Initial cell injury can be reversed if
the harmful stimulus is removed. It is characterized by
cellular swelling due to ionic imbalance and organelle
dysfunction, and fatty change due to metabolic disruption.
The cell can recover its function upon the removal of the
stimulus.
- **Irreversible Injury:** Occurs when the damage is too
severe or prolonged, leading to cell death. It is marked by
, severe membrane damage, mitochondrial dysfunction,
and nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and
karyolysis). Irreversible injury leads to necrosis or
apoptosis.
### 2. **Genetic and Congenital Disorders**
#### Question 3
**Explain the difference between autosomal dominant and
autosomal recessive inheritance patterns. Provide
examples of each.**
**Answer:**
- **Autosomal Dominant Inheritance:** Only one copy of
the mutated gene, inherited from either parent, is sufficient
to cause the disorder. The affected individual has a 50%
chance of passing the mutation to offspring. Examples
include Huntington's disease and Marfan syndrome.
- **Autosomal Recessive Inheritance:** Two copies of the
mutated gene, one from each parent, are required for the
individual to be affected. Carriers, with one mutated gene,
are typically asymptomatic. Examples include cystic
fibrosis and sickle cell anemia.
#### Question 4
