CHAPTER
16 Chemical Industries
Animation 16.1: Jaw Crushing
Source & Credit: ZDZK
,16. CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES eLe
Students Learning Outcomes
Students will be able to:
• Describe some metallurgical operations. (Applying);
• Make a list of raw materials for Solvay process. (Applying);
• Outline the basic reactions of Solvay process. (Analyzing);
• Develop a flow sheet diagram of Solvay process. (Creating);
• Describe the composition of urea. (Understanding);
• Develop a flow sheet diagram for the manufacture of urea. (Creating);
• List the uses of urea. (Remembering);
• Define petroleum. (Remembering);
• Describe the formation of petroleum and natural gas. (Understanding);
• Describe the composition of petroleum. (Remembering) ;
• Describe briefly the fractional distillation of petroleum. (Applying).
Introduction
Chemical industries are established to meet the needs of modern societies. Metallurgy is
of extracting metals from ores. Metals have played a major role in progress of societies
metals are used for making tools, machines and other items. In the modern age, althoug
have taken the place of metals, yet the importance of metals cannot be ignored.
Baking soda (NaHCO3 ) and washing soda (Na2CO3 ) are used in daily life for differen
Solvay’s process for the manufacturing of baking and washing soda from common
discussed in detail.
Fertilizers are vital for the growth and development of plants and crops. One of the
fertilizers urea, is used to enhance the productivity of crops. Hence, the synthesis of ure
explained here.
In the modern age of communication, petroleum industry has a great significance.
products are used as fuel, solvent and lubricants. Petrochemicals are used to manufactu
of household items, plastics, detergents, rubber,etc.
2
, 16. CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES eLe
Pakistan industrial base was very weak at the
time of independence. At the time of partition,
there were 921 big industrial units in India, out
of these only 34 came to the share of Pakistan.
After the independence, government made
a lot of policies and encouraged the private
sector to establish industrial units. Chemical
industry was rapidly developed because the
chemicals are used for the manufacturing of
ammunitions, fertilizers and other substances
of daily use.
Animation 16.2: Mining
Source & Credit: wikia
A lot of steps and measures are taken to
set up corporations to facilitate loans and
technical know-how for the rapid development
of industries. Pakistan is now producing chemicals, fertilizers, cement, steel, heavy e
machines and tools.
16.1 BASIC METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS
First of all lets know definitions of terms used in metallurgical operations.
Minerals
The solid natural materials found beneath the Earth’s surface, which contains compound
in the combined state along with earthly impurities, are called minerals.
Ores
Those minerals from which the metals are extracted commercially at a comparatively lo
minimum effort are called ores of the metals. For example: ores of copper are; copper g
and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Hence, all ores of the metals are minerals, but all minerals a
3
16 Chemical Industries
Animation 16.1: Jaw Crushing
Source & Credit: ZDZK
,16. CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES eLe
Students Learning Outcomes
Students will be able to:
• Describe some metallurgical operations. (Applying);
• Make a list of raw materials for Solvay process. (Applying);
• Outline the basic reactions of Solvay process. (Analyzing);
• Develop a flow sheet diagram of Solvay process. (Creating);
• Describe the composition of urea. (Understanding);
• Develop a flow sheet diagram for the manufacture of urea. (Creating);
• List the uses of urea. (Remembering);
• Define petroleum. (Remembering);
• Describe the formation of petroleum and natural gas. (Understanding);
• Describe the composition of petroleum. (Remembering) ;
• Describe briefly the fractional distillation of petroleum. (Applying).
Introduction
Chemical industries are established to meet the needs of modern societies. Metallurgy is
of extracting metals from ores. Metals have played a major role in progress of societies
metals are used for making tools, machines and other items. In the modern age, althoug
have taken the place of metals, yet the importance of metals cannot be ignored.
Baking soda (NaHCO3 ) and washing soda (Na2CO3 ) are used in daily life for differen
Solvay’s process for the manufacturing of baking and washing soda from common
discussed in detail.
Fertilizers are vital for the growth and development of plants and crops. One of the
fertilizers urea, is used to enhance the productivity of crops. Hence, the synthesis of ure
explained here.
In the modern age of communication, petroleum industry has a great significance.
products are used as fuel, solvent and lubricants. Petrochemicals are used to manufactu
of household items, plastics, detergents, rubber,etc.
2
, 16. CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES eLe
Pakistan industrial base was very weak at the
time of independence. At the time of partition,
there were 921 big industrial units in India, out
of these only 34 came to the share of Pakistan.
After the independence, government made
a lot of policies and encouraged the private
sector to establish industrial units. Chemical
industry was rapidly developed because the
chemicals are used for the manufacturing of
ammunitions, fertilizers and other substances
of daily use.
Animation 16.2: Mining
Source & Credit: wikia
A lot of steps and measures are taken to
set up corporations to facilitate loans and
technical know-how for the rapid development
of industries. Pakistan is now producing chemicals, fertilizers, cement, steel, heavy e
machines and tools.
16.1 BASIC METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS
First of all lets know definitions of terms used in metallurgical operations.
Minerals
The solid natural materials found beneath the Earth’s surface, which contains compound
in the combined state along with earthly impurities, are called minerals.
Ores
Those minerals from which the metals are extracted commercially at a comparatively lo
minimum effort are called ores of the metals. For example: ores of copper are; copper g
and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Hence, all ores of the metals are minerals, but all minerals a
3
