Chapter 1: Introduction Classification of Materials
Materials Science – investigating relationships between the METALS
structures and properties of materials - composed of one or more metallic elements
- Often also composed of nonmetallic elements in relatively
Materials Engineering – focused on structure- property small amounts.
correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a -Has large number of non-localize electrons, which means it is
material to produce a predetermined set of properties not bound to a particular atom.
The four components of the discipline of materials science CERAMICS
and engineering and their relationship: - These are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements; frequently oxides, nititrides, and carbides.
Processing
Structure POLYMERS
Properties - Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically
Performance based on carbon, hydrogen, and other non-metallic elements
(O, N, and Si)
“Properties depend on Structure and Processing can
COMPOSITES
Change Structure”
- composed of two or more individual materials (metals,
ceramics, and polymers)
Types of Materials Example: Fiberglass
Metals: Advanced Materials
-Strong, ductile
-High thermal & electrical conductivity SEMI - CONDUCTORS
-Opaque, reflective. - intermediate between the electrical conductors
(metals/alloys) and insulators (ceramics)
Polymers/plastics:
Covalent bonding sharing of e’s BIOMATERIALS
-Soft, ductile, low strength, low density - Implanted for replacement
-Thermal & electrical insulators
-Optically translucent or transparent. SMART MATERIALS
- materials that are able to sense and respond to changes in
Ceramics: their environment
Ionic bonding (refractory)
– compounds of metallic NANOMATERIALS
& non-metallic elements - it could be any of the four types
-Brittle, glassy, elastic - distinguished by their sizes (nano-prefix denotes 10-9 m)
-Non-conducting (insulators)
The Material Selection Process
1. Pick Application
Determine required Properties
a. Electrical
b. Thermal
c. Magnetic
d. Optical
e. Deteriorative
f. Mechanical
2. Properties
Identify Candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.
3. Material
Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
, Chapter 2: Atomic Structure and BONDING
Type Situation Bond Comments
Interatomic Bonding Energy
Ionic + and - ions Large CERAMICS
Atoms
Give and Take
Large Difference
- electrons (9.11 x 10-31 kg) in
- protons and neutron (1.67 x 10-27 kg) Electronegativity
Covalent Share Electrons Variable: SEMICONDUCT
Similar Large - ORS, CERAMICS,
Atomic Number - Number of Protons Electronegativity Diamond POLYMER
Atomic Mass - Mass of Protons and Neutrons Small - CHAINS
Atomic Weight - Average weight Bismuth
Metallic Valence electrons Variable: METALS
Atomic Model are not bound to Large -
any atom Tungsten
Small -
Bohr Model Mercury
Electrons revolves around the nucleus Secondary Interaction Smallest POLYMER
Wave Mechanical Model between dipoles Inter-Chain
Inter-Molecular
Electrons make an orbital cloud
(region where energy is mostly located)
Atomic Structure PRIMARY BONDS
Valence electrons determines all the following properties Tm - Melting Temperature
1. Chemical E - Bond Energy
2. Electrical a - Coeffecient of thermal expansion
3. Thermal
4. Optical
Ceramics Large Bond Energy
Electronic Structure (Ionic & Covalent Bonding) large Tm
Electrons have wavelike and particulate properties. large E
small a
Quantum Numbers
n = principal K, L, M, N, O (1, 2, 3, etc.) Metals Variable Bond Energy
(energy level - shell ) (Metallic Bonding) moderate Tm
I = subsidiary ( orbitals ) s, p, d, f (0, 1, 2, 3,…, n-1) moderate E
mI = magnetic 1, 3, 5, 7 ( -I to +I ) moderate a
ms = spin 1/2 , -1/2
Electron Energy States
Polymers Directional Properties
(Covalent & Secondary) small Tm
Electrons have discrete energy states and tend to occupy
small E
lowest available energy state
large a
Electron Configurations
Valence electrons - those in unfilled shells
(Filled shells are more stable)
Periodic Table
Columns : similar Valence structure
LEFT RIGHT
Electropositive Elements: Electronegative elements:
Give up electrons to Acquire electrons top
become +ions become -ions
Smaller Electronegativity Larger Electronegativity
Chapter 3: The Structure of
Crystalline Solids
Materials Science – investigating relationships between the METALS
structures and properties of materials - composed of one or more metallic elements
- Often also composed of nonmetallic elements in relatively
Materials Engineering – focused on structure- property small amounts.
correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a -Has large number of non-localize electrons, which means it is
material to produce a predetermined set of properties not bound to a particular atom.
The four components of the discipline of materials science CERAMICS
and engineering and their relationship: - These are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements; frequently oxides, nititrides, and carbides.
Processing
Structure POLYMERS
Properties - Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically
Performance based on carbon, hydrogen, and other non-metallic elements
(O, N, and Si)
“Properties depend on Structure and Processing can
COMPOSITES
Change Structure”
- composed of two or more individual materials (metals,
ceramics, and polymers)
Types of Materials Example: Fiberglass
Metals: Advanced Materials
-Strong, ductile
-High thermal & electrical conductivity SEMI - CONDUCTORS
-Opaque, reflective. - intermediate between the electrical conductors
(metals/alloys) and insulators (ceramics)
Polymers/plastics:
Covalent bonding sharing of e’s BIOMATERIALS
-Soft, ductile, low strength, low density - Implanted for replacement
-Thermal & electrical insulators
-Optically translucent or transparent. SMART MATERIALS
- materials that are able to sense and respond to changes in
Ceramics: their environment
Ionic bonding (refractory)
– compounds of metallic NANOMATERIALS
& non-metallic elements - it could be any of the four types
-Brittle, glassy, elastic - distinguished by their sizes (nano-prefix denotes 10-9 m)
-Non-conducting (insulators)
The Material Selection Process
1. Pick Application
Determine required Properties
a. Electrical
b. Thermal
c. Magnetic
d. Optical
e. Deteriorative
f. Mechanical
2. Properties
Identify Candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.
3. Material
Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
, Chapter 2: Atomic Structure and BONDING
Type Situation Bond Comments
Interatomic Bonding Energy
Ionic + and - ions Large CERAMICS
Atoms
Give and Take
Large Difference
- electrons (9.11 x 10-31 kg) in
- protons and neutron (1.67 x 10-27 kg) Electronegativity
Covalent Share Electrons Variable: SEMICONDUCT
Similar Large - ORS, CERAMICS,
Atomic Number - Number of Protons Electronegativity Diamond POLYMER
Atomic Mass - Mass of Protons and Neutrons Small - CHAINS
Atomic Weight - Average weight Bismuth
Metallic Valence electrons Variable: METALS
Atomic Model are not bound to Large -
any atom Tungsten
Small -
Bohr Model Mercury
Electrons revolves around the nucleus Secondary Interaction Smallest POLYMER
Wave Mechanical Model between dipoles Inter-Chain
Inter-Molecular
Electrons make an orbital cloud
(region where energy is mostly located)
Atomic Structure PRIMARY BONDS
Valence electrons determines all the following properties Tm - Melting Temperature
1. Chemical E - Bond Energy
2. Electrical a - Coeffecient of thermal expansion
3. Thermal
4. Optical
Ceramics Large Bond Energy
Electronic Structure (Ionic & Covalent Bonding) large Tm
Electrons have wavelike and particulate properties. large E
small a
Quantum Numbers
n = principal K, L, M, N, O (1, 2, 3, etc.) Metals Variable Bond Energy
(energy level - shell ) (Metallic Bonding) moderate Tm
I = subsidiary ( orbitals ) s, p, d, f (0, 1, 2, 3,…, n-1) moderate E
mI = magnetic 1, 3, 5, 7 ( -I to +I ) moderate a
ms = spin 1/2 , -1/2
Electron Energy States
Polymers Directional Properties
(Covalent & Secondary) small Tm
Electrons have discrete energy states and tend to occupy
small E
lowest available energy state
large a
Electron Configurations
Valence electrons - those in unfilled shells
(Filled shells are more stable)
Periodic Table
Columns : similar Valence structure
LEFT RIGHT
Electropositive Elements: Electronegative elements:
Give up electrons to Acquire electrons top
become +ions become -ions
Smaller Electronegativity Larger Electronegativity
Chapter 3: The Structure of
Crystalline Solids
