NBME Pathology
Basal cell carcinoma - ANSWER pearly/waxy nodule
-central ulceration
-malignant cells from the basal layer
-peripheral nuclear palisading
-most common form of skin cancer
Epidermis layers - ANSWER stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum
granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (deepest)
-Come Lets Get Sun Burned
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid - ANSWER arises from parafollicular C cells of
the thyroid
-polygonal cells in amyloid stroma
-secrete calcintonin
-does NOT alter thyroid funciton
-cause watery diarrhea
-non-colloid material
-assoc/ with MEN type 2A and 2B
Multiple myeloma - ANSWER malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
plasma cell disorder
-elevated ESR
-metastatic calcification
-lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, renal insufficency, anemia
-bone pain
-elevated protein gap
-monoclonal immunoglobin Ig light chains
Kawasaki disease - ANSWER vasculitis affects medium sized arteries
-children
-coronary arteries
Polyarteritis nodosa - ANSWER Necrotizing vasculitis involving multiple organs
-lungs are spared
Creuzfeldt-Jakob Disease - ANSWER Rare transmissible form of dementia
-caused by infective proteins called prions
-memory loss, involuntary movements
-no family history, usually healthy patientn
Coagulative necrosis - ANSWER Cell proteins are altered or denatured
-nuceli disappear
-preserved cell architecture
,-inchemia infacts in most tissues
Liquefactive necrosis - ANSWER Bran infarcts, abscesses
-neutrophils and cell debris seen
Caseous necrosis - ANSWER degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like
appearance
-TB, systemic fungi
Fat necrosis - ANSWER Acute pancreatitis, breast tissue
-saponification
Fibrinoid - ANSWER Immune vascular reaction PAN
-vessels walls are thick and pink
Gangrenous - ANSWER Necrosis or death of soft tissue due to obstructive
circulation
Dystrophic calcification - ANSWER abnormal localized deposition of calcium
-injured, dying or dead tissues
-normal serum Ca+ levels
Metastatic calcification - ANSWER Ca deposit in normal tissues
-Serum Ca+ levels abnormal
Lipofuscin - ANSWER yellow-brown pigment
-wear and tear
-assoc/ with normal aging
Amyloidosis - ANSWER abnormal aggregation of proteins
-cellular damage
-visualized by Congo red stain
-polarized light (apple-green birefingence)
presents with cardiomyopathy, reneal disease, proteinuira
Primary amyloidosis - ANSWER Systemic deposition of AL amyloid
-derived from immunoglobin light chain
-seen in plasma disorders
-ex = multiple myeloma
Secondary amyloidosis - ANSWER Systemic deposition of AA amyloid,
-derived from serum amyloid-associated protein
-Ex = rheumatoid arthiritis, IBD
Dialysis-related amyloidosis - ANSWER Deposition of B2-microglobulin
-seen in pts with ESRD/long term dialysis
, Alzheimers disease - ANSWER B-amyloid protein
-cleaved from APP
Type 2 diabetes mellitus - ANSWER Islet amyloid poplypeptide
Medullary thyroid cancer - ANSWER calcitonin
Systemic senile age related amyloidosis - ANSWER normal transthyretin TTR
-seen predominately in cardiac muscles
Exudate vs transudate - ANSWER Exudate =
cloudy
high protein
thick pus - lymph infection, malignancy
Transudate =
clear
lo protein
watery - edema , hydrostatic pressure
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate - ANSWER measures time it takes for erythrocytes
to settle to the bottom of a test tube
-ESR
increase = most anemias, infection, inflammation, cancer
decrease = sickle cell anemia, polycythemia, HF
FGF and VEGF - ANSWER stimulates angiogenesis
Vinyl chloride - ANSWER angiosarcoma of liver
-occupational exposure
-used to make polyvinyl chloride for use in pipes
Atrial myxoma - ANSWER benign tumor
-diastolic pop sound
-obstruction of mitral valve
-meschymal cells in a myxoid background
causes = syncope
Serous cystadenoma - ANSWER MC ovarian cystic lesion
-asymptomatic, can present with rupture, pelvic pressure
-produce fluid
VW disease - ANSWER -most common form of hemophilia
-corrects with normal plasma
-PT = normal
-PTT = increase
Basal cell carcinoma - ANSWER pearly/waxy nodule
-central ulceration
-malignant cells from the basal layer
-peripheral nuclear palisading
-most common form of skin cancer
Epidermis layers - ANSWER stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum
granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (deepest)
-Come Lets Get Sun Burned
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid - ANSWER arises from parafollicular C cells of
the thyroid
-polygonal cells in amyloid stroma
-secrete calcintonin
-does NOT alter thyroid funciton
-cause watery diarrhea
-non-colloid material
-assoc/ with MEN type 2A and 2B
Multiple myeloma - ANSWER malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
plasma cell disorder
-elevated ESR
-metastatic calcification
-lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, renal insufficency, anemia
-bone pain
-elevated protein gap
-monoclonal immunoglobin Ig light chains
Kawasaki disease - ANSWER vasculitis affects medium sized arteries
-children
-coronary arteries
Polyarteritis nodosa - ANSWER Necrotizing vasculitis involving multiple organs
-lungs are spared
Creuzfeldt-Jakob Disease - ANSWER Rare transmissible form of dementia
-caused by infective proteins called prions
-memory loss, involuntary movements
-no family history, usually healthy patientn
Coagulative necrosis - ANSWER Cell proteins are altered or denatured
-nuceli disappear
-preserved cell architecture
,-inchemia infacts in most tissues
Liquefactive necrosis - ANSWER Bran infarcts, abscesses
-neutrophils and cell debris seen
Caseous necrosis - ANSWER degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like
appearance
-TB, systemic fungi
Fat necrosis - ANSWER Acute pancreatitis, breast tissue
-saponification
Fibrinoid - ANSWER Immune vascular reaction PAN
-vessels walls are thick and pink
Gangrenous - ANSWER Necrosis or death of soft tissue due to obstructive
circulation
Dystrophic calcification - ANSWER abnormal localized deposition of calcium
-injured, dying or dead tissues
-normal serum Ca+ levels
Metastatic calcification - ANSWER Ca deposit in normal tissues
-Serum Ca+ levels abnormal
Lipofuscin - ANSWER yellow-brown pigment
-wear and tear
-assoc/ with normal aging
Amyloidosis - ANSWER abnormal aggregation of proteins
-cellular damage
-visualized by Congo red stain
-polarized light (apple-green birefingence)
presents with cardiomyopathy, reneal disease, proteinuira
Primary amyloidosis - ANSWER Systemic deposition of AL amyloid
-derived from immunoglobin light chain
-seen in plasma disorders
-ex = multiple myeloma
Secondary amyloidosis - ANSWER Systemic deposition of AA amyloid,
-derived from serum amyloid-associated protein
-Ex = rheumatoid arthiritis, IBD
Dialysis-related amyloidosis - ANSWER Deposition of B2-microglobulin
-seen in pts with ESRD/long term dialysis
, Alzheimers disease - ANSWER B-amyloid protein
-cleaved from APP
Type 2 diabetes mellitus - ANSWER Islet amyloid poplypeptide
Medullary thyroid cancer - ANSWER calcitonin
Systemic senile age related amyloidosis - ANSWER normal transthyretin TTR
-seen predominately in cardiac muscles
Exudate vs transudate - ANSWER Exudate =
cloudy
high protein
thick pus - lymph infection, malignancy
Transudate =
clear
lo protein
watery - edema , hydrostatic pressure
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate - ANSWER measures time it takes for erythrocytes
to settle to the bottom of a test tube
-ESR
increase = most anemias, infection, inflammation, cancer
decrease = sickle cell anemia, polycythemia, HF
FGF and VEGF - ANSWER stimulates angiogenesis
Vinyl chloride - ANSWER angiosarcoma of liver
-occupational exposure
-used to make polyvinyl chloride for use in pipes
Atrial myxoma - ANSWER benign tumor
-diastolic pop sound
-obstruction of mitral valve
-meschymal cells in a myxoid background
causes = syncope
Serous cystadenoma - ANSWER MC ovarian cystic lesion
-asymptomatic, can present with rupture, pelvic pressure
-produce fluid
VW disease - ANSWER -most common form of hemophilia
-corrects with normal plasma
-PT = normal
-PTT = increase
