BIO 169 Exam 2 prep (Answered) 157 Questions and Correct
Answers With Complete Verified Solution (download to score A+)
100% Correct, Updated 2024/2025.
Functions of the Circulatory system
Transport - RBCs & plasma
Protection - WBC
Regulation - Plasma
Components of the Circulatory system
Heart, blood, blood vessels
Physical properties and components of blood
liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix
-plasma (matrix of blood)
-formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
Leukoctyes are also known as
White blood cells
Erythroctyes are also known as
Red blood cells
Neutrophil (granuloctye)
- most numerous type of leukocyte
-multilobed nuclei
- 60-70% of white blood cells
-increased numbers in bacterial infection
Eosinophil (granuloctye)
-fight paracytes
-bilobed nuclei
-2-4% of white blood cells
Basophil (granulocyte)
-bilobed nuclei, BUT their nuclei are often obscured by their dark granules
-.5-1% of white blood cells
- contains chemicals HISTAMINE (speeds blood flow)/ HEPERINE (promotes clotting)
- increased numbers in chicken pox, sinusitis, and diabetes
Lymphoctyes (agranules)
,-responsible for fighting diseases
-responsible for making memory cells
-T-cells, B-cells, NK Cells
-large sperical nuclei
- 25-30% of white blood cells
Monoctyes (agranules)
- have "U" shaped nuclei
-become macrophages after leaving the blood
2-8% of white blood cells
-increased numbers in viral infection and inflammation
Platelets
small cell fragments of megakaryocytes
involved in blood clotting
Albumin (plasma protein 1/3)
-formed by liver
-contributes to viscosity and osmolarity
-influences blood pressure , flow, and fluid balance
Globulin (plasma protein 2/3) (antibodies)
-formed by plasma cells (WBCs)
-provide immune system functions
Fibrinogen (plasma protein 3/3)
-formed by liver
-precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots
Nutrients in blood plasma
Glucose, vitamins, fat, cholesterol, phospholipids, minerals
Wastes in blood plasma
urea, uric acid, metabolic waste, pharmacological waste
Electrolytes in blood plasma
Dissolved in blood plasma
- Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, K+
-O2, CO2, nitrogen
In a hematocrit measurment, list the components from heaviest to lightest
Erythrocytes (45% of blood), Buffy Coat (1% including WBCs and platelets), Plasma (55% of blood)
Hemopoiesis
, production of blood, especially it's formed elements
Where does hemopoiesis occur during the embryonic stage
yolk sac
Where does hemopoiesis occur during the fetal stage
liver and spleen
where does hemopoiesis occure during adult life
red bone marrow
Describe the roll of erythropoietin in erythrocyte production and
hemostasis and where it is released from
Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted from the kidneys & liver, and its purpose is to stimulate
'erythrocyte colony forming unit' to transform into a 'erythroblast'. Erythroblast multiply and synthesize
hemoglobin. When this is done the nucleus shrivels and leaves the cell, turning it into a 'reticulocyte'.
The reticuloctye leaves the bone marrow and after a day or two loses its last polyribosomes. It is now a
mature cell.
Functions of hemoglobin
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, regulates blood pressure/blood flow
Heme Groups of Hb molecule
Binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe2+)
Globins of Hb molecule
-four protein chains
-2 alpha and 2 beta chains
-5% of CO2 is bound to globin
Hematocrit measurments in Men and Women
Men 42% to 52% cells
women 37% to 48% cells
life cycle of an erythrocyte, including how it is produced, how long
it circulates, and the steps taken the break down the different components of
the erythrocyte and where this break down occurs in the body
When old red blood cells rupture, the released hemoglobin is ingested by macrophages. the GLOBIN
chains of Hb are broken down into amino acids that are metabolized or used to create new proteins. Iron
is released from the HEME of Hb. The remaining structure is converted into 'biliverdin' then 'bilirubin'.
IRON is transferred by ' transferrin' to tissues for storage or red bone marrow for making new
hemoglobin.
Bilirubin is transported by 'albumin' to the liver. Liver cells make conjugated bilirubin which is excreted in
Answers With Complete Verified Solution (download to score A+)
100% Correct, Updated 2024/2025.
Functions of the Circulatory system
Transport - RBCs & plasma
Protection - WBC
Regulation - Plasma
Components of the Circulatory system
Heart, blood, blood vessels
Physical properties and components of blood
liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix
-plasma (matrix of blood)
-formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
Leukoctyes are also known as
White blood cells
Erythroctyes are also known as
Red blood cells
Neutrophil (granuloctye)
- most numerous type of leukocyte
-multilobed nuclei
- 60-70% of white blood cells
-increased numbers in bacterial infection
Eosinophil (granuloctye)
-fight paracytes
-bilobed nuclei
-2-4% of white blood cells
Basophil (granulocyte)
-bilobed nuclei, BUT their nuclei are often obscured by their dark granules
-.5-1% of white blood cells
- contains chemicals HISTAMINE (speeds blood flow)/ HEPERINE (promotes clotting)
- increased numbers in chicken pox, sinusitis, and diabetes
Lymphoctyes (agranules)
,-responsible for fighting diseases
-responsible for making memory cells
-T-cells, B-cells, NK Cells
-large sperical nuclei
- 25-30% of white blood cells
Monoctyes (agranules)
- have "U" shaped nuclei
-become macrophages after leaving the blood
2-8% of white blood cells
-increased numbers in viral infection and inflammation
Platelets
small cell fragments of megakaryocytes
involved in blood clotting
Albumin (plasma protein 1/3)
-formed by liver
-contributes to viscosity and osmolarity
-influences blood pressure , flow, and fluid balance
Globulin (plasma protein 2/3) (antibodies)
-formed by plasma cells (WBCs)
-provide immune system functions
Fibrinogen (plasma protein 3/3)
-formed by liver
-precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots
Nutrients in blood plasma
Glucose, vitamins, fat, cholesterol, phospholipids, minerals
Wastes in blood plasma
urea, uric acid, metabolic waste, pharmacological waste
Electrolytes in blood plasma
Dissolved in blood plasma
- Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, K+
-O2, CO2, nitrogen
In a hematocrit measurment, list the components from heaviest to lightest
Erythrocytes (45% of blood), Buffy Coat (1% including WBCs and platelets), Plasma (55% of blood)
Hemopoiesis
, production of blood, especially it's formed elements
Where does hemopoiesis occur during the embryonic stage
yolk sac
Where does hemopoiesis occur during the fetal stage
liver and spleen
where does hemopoiesis occure during adult life
red bone marrow
Describe the roll of erythropoietin in erythrocyte production and
hemostasis and where it is released from
Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted from the kidneys & liver, and its purpose is to stimulate
'erythrocyte colony forming unit' to transform into a 'erythroblast'. Erythroblast multiply and synthesize
hemoglobin. When this is done the nucleus shrivels and leaves the cell, turning it into a 'reticulocyte'.
The reticuloctye leaves the bone marrow and after a day or two loses its last polyribosomes. It is now a
mature cell.
Functions of hemoglobin
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, regulates blood pressure/blood flow
Heme Groups of Hb molecule
Binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe2+)
Globins of Hb molecule
-four protein chains
-2 alpha and 2 beta chains
-5% of CO2 is bound to globin
Hematocrit measurments in Men and Women
Men 42% to 52% cells
women 37% to 48% cells
life cycle of an erythrocyte, including how it is produced, how long
it circulates, and the steps taken the break down the different components of
the erythrocyte and where this break down occurs in the body
When old red blood cells rupture, the released hemoglobin is ingested by macrophages. the GLOBIN
chains of Hb are broken down into amino acids that are metabolized or used to create new proteins. Iron
is released from the HEME of Hb. The remaining structure is converted into 'biliverdin' then 'bilirubin'.
IRON is transferred by ' transferrin' to tissues for storage or red bone marrow for making new
hemoglobin.
Bilirubin is transported by 'albumin' to the liver. Liver cells make conjugated bilirubin which is excreted in
