Endocrine
→ The glands of the endocrine system and the hormones they release influence almost every cell, organ & function of our bodies.
→ The body makes ~30 different hormones.
FUNCTIONS:
→ This system consists of all the glands in the body, and the hormones they produce to help maintain homeostasis (stable internal condition) by regulation of organ
functions. The glands are controlled by the nervous system & chemical receptors in the blood
↳ Homeostasis - The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment by adapting to constantly changing external conditions.
→ Examples of bodily functions that are controlled by the endocrine system include:
→ Metabolism. → Blood pressure.
→ Growth & development. → Appetite.
→ Sexual function & reproduction. → Sleeping & walking cycles.
→ Heart rate. → Body temperature.
GLANDS:
→ Major glands that make up the endocrine system are the:
→ Hypothalamus. → Thyroid. → Adrenals.
→ Pituitary. → Parathyroid. → Pineal body.
→ Reproductive glands (ovaries & testes).
HORMONES:
→ They are chemical messengers that regulate metabolic function of cells in the body.
→ Hormones transfer information & instructions from one set of cells to another. Although many different hormones grout the bloodstream, each one affects
only the cells that are genetically programmed to receive & respond to its message.
→ Hormone levels can be influenced by factors such as stress, infection & changes in the balance of fluid & minerals in blood.
GLAND HORMONE TARGET ORGAN FUNCTION
Pineal gland Melatonin Many Biological clock
Pituitary gland Growth hormone Uterus Menstural cycle
Thyroid gland Thyroxin Liver Metabolic rate
Adrenal glands Adrenaline Many Fight or flight
Pancreas Insulin Liver Blood sugar levels
Ovaries Oestrogen Uterus Menstural cycle
Testes Testosterone Many Male characteristics
CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Hyperthyroidism: → A condition in which the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood are excessively high
Hypothyroidism: → A condition in which the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood are abnormally low.
Adrenal insufficiency:→ Decreased function of the adrenal cortex & the consequent underproduction of adrenal corticosteroid hormones.
Diabetes: → A chronic (long term) condition characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood - results from insufficient for lack of insulin production.
Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Feature Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes RISK FACTORS:
Onset Sudden Gradual → Hereditary & genetics.
Age at onset Any age Adults mostly
→ Smoking.
Body habitus Thin or regular Often obese
→ Trauma.
Ketoacidosis Common Rare
→ The glands of the endocrine system and the hormones they release influence almost every cell, organ & function of our bodies.
→ The body makes ~30 different hormones.
FUNCTIONS:
→ This system consists of all the glands in the body, and the hormones they produce to help maintain homeostasis (stable internal condition) by regulation of organ
functions. The glands are controlled by the nervous system & chemical receptors in the blood
↳ Homeostasis - The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment by adapting to constantly changing external conditions.
→ Examples of bodily functions that are controlled by the endocrine system include:
→ Metabolism. → Blood pressure.
→ Growth & development. → Appetite.
→ Sexual function & reproduction. → Sleeping & walking cycles.
→ Heart rate. → Body temperature.
GLANDS:
→ Major glands that make up the endocrine system are the:
→ Hypothalamus. → Thyroid. → Adrenals.
→ Pituitary. → Parathyroid. → Pineal body.
→ Reproductive glands (ovaries & testes).
HORMONES:
→ They are chemical messengers that regulate metabolic function of cells in the body.
→ Hormones transfer information & instructions from one set of cells to another. Although many different hormones grout the bloodstream, each one affects
only the cells that are genetically programmed to receive & respond to its message.
→ Hormone levels can be influenced by factors such as stress, infection & changes in the balance of fluid & minerals in blood.
GLAND HORMONE TARGET ORGAN FUNCTION
Pineal gland Melatonin Many Biological clock
Pituitary gland Growth hormone Uterus Menstural cycle
Thyroid gland Thyroxin Liver Metabolic rate
Adrenal glands Adrenaline Many Fight or flight
Pancreas Insulin Liver Blood sugar levels
Ovaries Oestrogen Uterus Menstural cycle
Testes Testosterone Many Male characteristics
CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Hyperthyroidism: → A condition in which the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood are excessively high
Hypothyroidism: → A condition in which the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood are abnormally low.
Adrenal insufficiency:→ Decreased function of the adrenal cortex & the consequent underproduction of adrenal corticosteroid hormones.
Diabetes: → A chronic (long term) condition characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood - results from insufficient for lack of insulin production.
Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Feature Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes RISK FACTORS:
Onset Sudden Gradual → Hereditary & genetics.
Age at onset Any age Adults mostly
→ Smoking.
Body habitus Thin or regular Often obese
→ Trauma.
Ketoacidosis Common Rare
