Summary BASIC METABOLISM ( BIOLOGICAL REACTION)

 Lecture Outline
1. Biological redox reactions and reduction potentials.
2. Phosphorylation- Mechanisms and types:
− Substrate-level phosphorylation
− Oxidative level Phosphorylation,
− Photo-Phosphorylation and photosynthesis

, Phosphorylation
 Involves the attachment of a phosphate or phosphoryl group to a biomolecule.


 Importance of phosphorylation:


I. Activation of a biochemical reaction.


II. Regulation of protein function.


III. Generation of high energy molecules (such as ATP) form energy conservation through;

1. Substrate-level phosphorylation

2. Oxidative level Phosphorylation,

3. Photophosphorylation

, Substrate-level phosphorylation
 It a type of reaction that lead to formation or synthesis of either


 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

 Guanosine triphosphate (GTP):


 Substrate-level phosphorylation takes place mostly in the cytosol




 ATP and GTP synthesis occur following direct transfer of a phosphate group from a reactan

(substrate) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Guanosine diphosphate (GDP), respective




 Substrate-level phosphorylation is a product of an enzymatic reaction.