Test Bank For Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics 13th Edition Brunton | 9781259584732 |
All Chapters with Answers and Rationals
What is topical administration? - ANSWER: Application of drug directly where action is desired
including skin, mucous membranes, eyes, lungs.
What is systemic administration? - ANSWER: Drugs going into the body
What is enteral administration? - ANSWER: Any medication introduced into the body via the GI tract.
(form of systemic administration)
What is parenteral administration? - ANSWER: Any medication introduced into the body via any
means except the GI tract. (form of systemic administration)
'Fa' is the.. - ANSWER: Fraction of the dose available for absorption
'Fg' is the... - ANSWER: Fraction of the dose escaping the gastrointestinal metabolism
'Fh' is the.... - ANSWER: Fraction of the dose escaping the hepatic first pass metabolism
Through intravenous administration drugs are eliminated from the plasma at a..... - ANSWER:
constant rate (they have a half-life)
Through oral administration, the concentration of the drug in the plasma first ---------- as the
------------------. It then gradually --------- as the drug is eliminated. - ANSWER: - increases
- drug is absorbed
- decreases
Fractional Bioavailability is... - ANSWER: The fraction of the dose of a drug that can actually reach the
systemic distribution
Bioavailability= -------/--------- - ANSWER: AUC oral administration/AUC I-V administration
Total drug clearance= ... - ANSWER: The hepatic clearance + The renal clearance
What is drug metabolism? - ANSWER: Enzymatic alteration of drug structure into a chemically-distinct
product
Drug metabolism occurs in two phases as...
A: most drugs are non-polar/lipophilic and they must be made more polar/hydrophilic
B: all drugs are non-polar/lipophilic and they must be made more polar/hydrophilic
C: all drugs are polar/hydrophilic and they must be made more non-polar/lipophilic
D: most drugs are polar/hydrophilic and they must be made more non-polar/lipophilic - ANSWER: A
What superfamily of enzymes are involved in phase 1 of drug metabolism? - ANSWER: CYP450
What is the volume of distribution? - ANSWER: The hypothetical volume in which is drug is dissolved
after absorption
Volume of distribution= ----/------------ - ANSWER: dose/initial conc. of drug in the blood
,If a drug is avidly bound in tissues, the concentration in plasma will be ----- and Vd may ----------- total
body water. - ANSWER: - low
- greatly exceed
If drug is highly bound in plasma, Vd will --------- plasma volume. - ANSWER: approach
What factors can effect the ability of a drug to penetrate a tissue? - ANSWER: • Drug lipophilicity
• Polarity
• Protein binding
• Uptake transporters
• Efflux transporters
• Equilibrating transporters
Which of these would make an drug more effective at penetrating a tissue?
A: High lipophilicity
B: Weakly protein binding
C: Strongly stimulates efflux transporters
D: Low hydrophilicity - ANSWER: B
(Can leave the plasma easily and so be distributed more heavily towards target tissues)
Efflux and influx transporters rely on... - ANSWER: ATP
Which of these statements is false?
A: Drug distribution is a central process influencing toxicity and efficacy
B: Multiple factors influence drug distribution
C: Patient variability is relevant
D: The selection of dosing regimens is not influenced by the drug volume of distribution - ANSWER: D
Drug-drug interactions are important to consider when prescribing as a new drug can alter the activity
of a current drug by.. - ANSWER: Acting as a stimulator or inhibitor of Phase 1 or Phase 2 of drug
metabolism. Potentially leading to drug toxicity.
Which of the following examples has the fastest root of absorption?
A: Taking an effervescent paracetamol tablet
B: Intravenous co-codamol administration
C: Using a steroid inhaler
D: Using a GTN spray sublingually for angina
E: Intramuscular vaccination - ANSWER: C (direct to target tissues)
Why is sublingual administration faster acting than oral administration? - ANSWER: It avoids first pass
metabolism
Why are high doses of levodopa required to treat Parkinson's disease?
A: It is not very effective
B: A high proportion is lost through the first pass metabolism
C: It has a low volume of distribution
D: It is not absorbed efficiently - ANSWER: B
If there is more drug in the tissues than in the blood, the volume of distribution will be... - ANSWER:
high
, If there is more drug in the blood than in the tissues, the volume of distribution will be.... - ANSWER:
closer to the blood volume
Volume of distribution is important clinically to... - ANSWER: determine the loading dose necessary to
attain the desired blood concentration of the drug
What properties will allow a drug to be effectively absorbed by tissues (high Vd)? - ANSWER: -
lipophilic
- un-ionized
- low plasma binding
The average 70kg human will have a blood volume of approximately.. - ANSWER: 5 litres
Warfarin (an anticoagulant) has a Vd very close to the blood volume. Why is this important? -
ANSWER: We want it to remain in the blood and be highly plasma binding as that it the target site for
the drug.
You give a patient 500mg of a drug (Vd 51L). 1 hour later, the concentration of the drug in the plasma
is 8mg/L. How much drug is in the body 1 hour post-dose? - ANSWER: 408mg (51x8)
Why does the body aim to make a drug hydrophilic? - ANSWER: So it can be excreted more freely
During phase II drug metabolism, conjugation with an endogenous compound occurs in order to... -
ANSWER: make the drug more hydrophilic and thus enable it to pass more freely (kinda like facilitated
diffusion in the nephrons to aid transport into the urine)
Cytochrome P450 enzymes....
A: Can not be inhibited or induced by other drugs
B: Are the same in everyone
C: Have multiple isoforms
D: Are involved in absorption - ANSWER: C
There are 1000 currently known CYP540 isoforms but only 50 of these are active in any one individual.
This means that there is a ----------------- in drug metabolism. - ANSWER: wide genetic variability
Some statins are metabolised in the gut by CYP3A4. Grapefruit juice inhibits the activity of CYP3A4.
Why is this important information when prescribing statins to patients? - ANSWER: They need to be
told not to drink grapefruit juice when on the medication as doing so will lead to decreased
metabolism of the drug and can lead to toxicity.
Most drugs are cleared..
A: at a rate dependent on plasma concentration (1st order process)
B: at a constant rate (zero order process)
C: at an exponential rate
D: once it is out-competed - ANSWER: A
In a first-order process of drug clearance, the drug is cleared at a... - ANSWER: rate dependent on
plasma concentration
In a zero-order process of drug clearance, the drug is cleared at a... - ANSWER: constant rate
The route of drug administration determines...
A: the efficacy of the drug
B: the target site of the drug
Basis of Therapeutics 13th Edition Brunton | 9781259584732 |
All Chapters with Answers and Rationals
What is topical administration? - ANSWER: Application of drug directly where action is desired
including skin, mucous membranes, eyes, lungs.
What is systemic administration? - ANSWER: Drugs going into the body
What is enteral administration? - ANSWER: Any medication introduced into the body via the GI tract.
(form of systemic administration)
What is parenteral administration? - ANSWER: Any medication introduced into the body via any
means except the GI tract. (form of systemic administration)
'Fa' is the.. - ANSWER: Fraction of the dose available for absorption
'Fg' is the... - ANSWER: Fraction of the dose escaping the gastrointestinal metabolism
'Fh' is the.... - ANSWER: Fraction of the dose escaping the hepatic first pass metabolism
Through intravenous administration drugs are eliminated from the plasma at a..... - ANSWER:
constant rate (they have a half-life)
Through oral administration, the concentration of the drug in the plasma first ---------- as the
------------------. It then gradually --------- as the drug is eliminated. - ANSWER: - increases
- drug is absorbed
- decreases
Fractional Bioavailability is... - ANSWER: The fraction of the dose of a drug that can actually reach the
systemic distribution
Bioavailability= -------/--------- - ANSWER: AUC oral administration/AUC I-V administration
Total drug clearance= ... - ANSWER: The hepatic clearance + The renal clearance
What is drug metabolism? - ANSWER: Enzymatic alteration of drug structure into a chemically-distinct
product
Drug metabolism occurs in two phases as...
A: most drugs are non-polar/lipophilic and they must be made more polar/hydrophilic
B: all drugs are non-polar/lipophilic and they must be made more polar/hydrophilic
C: all drugs are polar/hydrophilic and they must be made more non-polar/lipophilic
D: most drugs are polar/hydrophilic and they must be made more non-polar/lipophilic - ANSWER: A
What superfamily of enzymes are involved in phase 1 of drug metabolism? - ANSWER: CYP450
What is the volume of distribution? - ANSWER: The hypothetical volume in which is drug is dissolved
after absorption
Volume of distribution= ----/------------ - ANSWER: dose/initial conc. of drug in the blood
,If a drug is avidly bound in tissues, the concentration in plasma will be ----- and Vd may ----------- total
body water. - ANSWER: - low
- greatly exceed
If drug is highly bound in plasma, Vd will --------- plasma volume. - ANSWER: approach
What factors can effect the ability of a drug to penetrate a tissue? - ANSWER: • Drug lipophilicity
• Polarity
• Protein binding
• Uptake transporters
• Efflux transporters
• Equilibrating transporters
Which of these would make an drug more effective at penetrating a tissue?
A: High lipophilicity
B: Weakly protein binding
C: Strongly stimulates efflux transporters
D: Low hydrophilicity - ANSWER: B
(Can leave the plasma easily and so be distributed more heavily towards target tissues)
Efflux and influx transporters rely on... - ANSWER: ATP
Which of these statements is false?
A: Drug distribution is a central process influencing toxicity and efficacy
B: Multiple factors influence drug distribution
C: Patient variability is relevant
D: The selection of dosing regimens is not influenced by the drug volume of distribution - ANSWER: D
Drug-drug interactions are important to consider when prescribing as a new drug can alter the activity
of a current drug by.. - ANSWER: Acting as a stimulator or inhibitor of Phase 1 or Phase 2 of drug
metabolism. Potentially leading to drug toxicity.
Which of the following examples has the fastest root of absorption?
A: Taking an effervescent paracetamol tablet
B: Intravenous co-codamol administration
C: Using a steroid inhaler
D: Using a GTN spray sublingually for angina
E: Intramuscular vaccination - ANSWER: C (direct to target tissues)
Why is sublingual administration faster acting than oral administration? - ANSWER: It avoids first pass
metabolism
Why are high doses of levodopa required to treat Parkinson's disease?
A: It is not very effective
B: A high proportion is lost through the first pass metabolism
C: It has a low volume of distribution
D: It is not absorbed efficiently - ANSWER: B
If there is more drug in the tissues than in the blood, the volume of distribution will be... - ANSWER:
high
, If there is more drug in the blood than in the tissues, the volume of distribution will be.... - ANSWER:
closer to the blood volume
Volume of distribution is important clinically to... - ANSWER: determine the loading dose necessary to
attain the desired blood concentration of the drug
What properties will allow a drug to be effectively absorbed by tissues (high Vd)? - ANSWER: -
lipophilic
- un-ionized
- low plasma binding
The average 70kg human will have a blood volume of approximately.. - ANSWER: 5 litres
Warfarin (an anticoagulant) has a Vd very close to the blood volume. Why is this important? -
ANSWER: We want it to remain in the blood and be highly plasma binding as that it the target site for
the drug.
You give a patient 500mg of a drug (Vd 51L). 1 hour later, the concentration of the drug in the plasma
is 8mg/L. How much drug is in the body 1 hour post-dose? - ANSWER: 408mg (51x8)
Why does the body aim to make a drug hydrophilic? - ANSWER: So it can be excreted more freely
During phase II drug metabolism, conjugation with an endogenous compound occurs in order to... -
ANSWER: make the drug more hydrophilic and thus enable it to pass more freely (kinda like facilitated
diffusion in the nephrons to aid transport into the urine)
Cytochrome P450 enzymes....
A: Can not be inhibited or induced by other drugs
B: Are the same in everyone
C: Have multiple isoforms
D: Are involved in absorption - ANSWER: C
There are 1000 currently known CYP540 isoforms but only 50 of these are active in any one individual.
This means that there is a ----------------- in drug metabolism. - ANSWER: wide genetic variability
Some statins are metabolised in the gut by CYP3A4. Grapefruit juice inhibits the activity of CYP3A4.
Why is this important information when prescribing statins to patients? - ANSWER: They need to be
told not to drink grapefruit juice when on the medication as doing so will lead to decreased
metabolism of the drug and can lead to toxicity.
Most drugs are cleared..
A: at a rate dependent on plasma concentration (1st order process)
B: at a constant rate (zero order process)
C: at an exponential rate
D: once it is out-competed - ANSWER: A
In a first-order process of drug clearance, the drug is cleared at a... - ANSWER: rate dependent on
plasma concentration
In a zero-order process of drug clearance, the drug is cleared at a... - ANSWER: constant rate
The route of drug administration determines...
A: the efficacy of the drug
B: the target site of the drug
