ANTH 172-- INTRO. TO ARCHAEOLOGY// MIDTERM 1 | Questions
and Answers 2024
Archaeology *** the study of artifacts
Artifact *** - anything modified or manufactured
- cultural items
- anything with 1 or more attribute due to human action
4 research goals *** 1. describe form of evidence and distribution in time and
space
2. determine function and behavior
3. define processes/ how and why cultures change
4. cultural meaning
Association/ Context *** interrelationship of artifacts to other artifacts or parts
of the natural world
Features *** - "non-portable" artifacts
- artifacts whose nature is inherently spatial or associational (contextual)
- due to interrelationship of parts
- not a discrete object
Antiquities Act of 1906 *** - sites on federal land are protected
- allows president to create monuments
ARPA (Archaeological Resources Protection Act) 1979 *** - closed loopholes in
antiquities act by making penalties such as jail time and fines
NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) 1969 *** - requires environmental
impact statement for natural/cultural resources when federal agencies are involved
- CRM: cultural resource management
---- federally funded projects (survey gets %)
---- on federal land, money isn't released until finished
, conservation *** use wisely
preservation *** leave alone
mitigation *** excavate
NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act) 1990 *** -
return remains if held by institutions with federal funding
- prohibits sale of native remains
- remains only get returned to federally recognized tribes
- religious
Historic Sites Act 1935 ***
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 *** cultural importance should be
saved and have preservation officer
SHPO (State Prehistoric Preservation Office) *** - each state has one for federal
laws
state archaeologist *** - has all records of archaeological sites in the state, public
education
- may be SHPO archaeologist
- appointed by governor
Significance of archaeology sites (legally) *** - relates to something "big" in
history
- distinctive
- intact
Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 *** - except military ships
- shipwrecks in US waters belong to closest state
American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 ***
and Answers 2024
Archaeology *** the study of artifacts
Artifact *** - anything modified or manufactured
- cultural items
- anything with 1 or more attribute due to human action
4 research goals *** 1. describe form of evidence and distribution in time and
space
2. determine function and behavior
3. define processes/ how and why cultures change
4. cultural meaning
Association/ Context *** interrelationship of artifacts to other artifacts or parts
of the natural world
Features *** - "non-portable" artifacts
- artifacts whose nature is inherently spatial or associational (contextual)
- due to interrelationship of parts
- not a discrete object
Antiquities Act of 1906 *** - sites on federal land are protected
- allows president to create monuments
ARPA (Archaeological Resources Protection Act) 1979 *** - closed loopholes in
antiquities act by making penalties such as jail time and fines
NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) 1969 *** - requires environmental
impact statement for natural/cultural resources when federal agencies are involved
- CRM: cultural resource management
---- federally funded projects (survey gets %)
---- on federal land, money isn't released until finished
, conservation *** use wisely
preservation *** leave alone
mitigation *** excavate
NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act) 1990 *** -
return remains if held by institutions with federal funding
- prohibits sale of native remains
- remains only get returned to federally recognized tribes
- religious
Historic Sites Act 1935 ***
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 *** cultural importance should be
saved and have preservation officer
SHPO (State Prehistoric Preservation Office) *** - each state has one for federal
laws
state archaeologist *** - has all records of archaeological sites in the state, public
education
- may be SHPO archaeologist
- appointed by governor
Significance of archaeology sites (legally) *** - relates to something "big" in
history
- distinctive
- intact
Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 *** - except military ships
- shipwrecks in US waters belong to closest state
American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 ***
