Test Bank For Nursing in Today’s World Trends Issues
and Management 11th Edition Stegan Sowerby
9781496385000 | All Chapters with Answers and
Rationals
What characterizes the collection of 100 cancer diseases? - ANSWER: • abnormal growth control
• loss of differentiated tissue properties
• cellular immortality
• evasion of host defenses
• invasion into the surrounding tissues and circulation
• metastasis to and growth in distant sites
• lethality for the host
What are the different classifications of malignant tumors? - ANSWER: • Carcinoma (epithelial origin
which is the biggest category)
• Sarcoma (mesenchymal tissue)
• Hematopoietic (blood cells)
• Neuroectodermal (neural and ectodermal)
• Others - Melanoma, SCLC, TUO
What are the different types of carcinomas? - ANSWER: - Adenocarcinomas (most)
- Squamous Cell Carcinomas
- Papillary
What are the different types of sarcomas? - ANSWER: - Fibrosarcomas
- Osteosarcomas
- Chondrosarcomas
- Rhabdomyosarcomas
Where are epithelial cells located? - ANSWER: Every organ in the body.
What type of process is cancer? - ANSWER: Multi Step
How long does it take to get cancer? - ANSWER: Long Time
What is cancer due to? - ANSWER: Accumulation of particular genetic and epigenetic changes.
What are the different types of changes leading to cancer? - ANSWER: • Changes can be inherited or
acquired
- "Genetics" vs "Environment"
- "Nature" vs "Nurture"
What do cancers continue to do over time? - ANSWER: Evolve
What are the steps of cancer development on a cellular level? - ANSWER: 1. Normal
2. Hyperplasia
3. Metaplasia
, 4. Dysplasia
5. Anaplasia
6. TUMOR GRADE - I, II, III
What are the steps of cancer development on a tissue level? - ANSWER: 1. Normal
2. Carcinoma In Situ
3. Locally Invasive
4. Local/Regional Metastasis (LN)
5. Distant Metastasis
6. TUMOR STAGE - TNM Stages 0, I to IV
Which cellular steps in cancer development are precancerous? - ANSWER: 1. Normal
2. Hyperplastic
3. Metaplastic
4. Dysplastic
Which cellular steps in cancer development are cancerous? - ANSWER: 1. Anaplastic
2. Cancerous
What are the steps of the molecular progression to cancer? - ANSWER: 1. Normal Epithelium
2. Hyperplasia-Adenoma
3. Metaplasia-Large Adenoma
4. Anaplasia-Cancer
5. Metastasis
What are the two different molecular lineages to developing colon cancer? - ANSWER: 1. Colon
Cancer 1 Molecular Lineage: APC / K-ras / TGFβR / p53
2. Colon Cancer 2 Molecular Lineage: APC / B-raf / DPC4 / BAX
What genes does cancer affect? - ANSWER: An array of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that
control cell growth and the natural relationships among cells.
What is the origin of the genetic and epigenetic changes involved in the development of cancer? -
ANSWER: • You can be born with them --"inherited" "germline" "congenital" "nature"
• They can occur during your life --"acquired" "somatic" "sporadic" "nurture"
What are the causes of cancer based on statistics? - ANSWER: • 10% are inherited
• 90% are from sporadic events from our "environment" or "spontaneous events" (errors in DNA
replication or epigenetic marking)
What are the different types of cancer treatment? - ANSWER: • Chemotherapy Prevention
-Primary and Secondary
• Surgery
• Radiation
• Medical/Pharmaceutical Treatments
What are the different types of medical/pharmaceutical treatments for cancer? - ANSWER: o
Cytotoxic agents
o Biologics
o Hormones
o Antimetabolites
o Immunologics
o Molecularly targeted agents
What are the different applications of chemotherapeutic regimens? - ANSWER: • Primary Treatment
with Curative Intent
and Management 11th Edition Stegan Sowerby
9781496385000 | All Chapters with Answers and
Rationals
What characterizes the collection of 100 cancer diseases? - ANSWER: • abnormal growth control
• loss of differentiated tissue properties
• cellular immortality
• evasion of host defenses
• invasion into the surrounding tissues and circulation
• metastasis to and growth in distant sites
• lethality for the host
What are the different classifications of malignant tumors? - ANSWER: • Carcinoma (epithelial origin
which is the biggest category)
• Sarcoma (mesenchymal tissue)
• Hematopoietic (blood cells)
• Neuroectodermal (neural and ectodermal)
• Others - Melanoma, SCLC, TUO
What are the different types of carcinomas? - ANSWER: - Adenocarcinomas (most)
- Squamous Cell Carcinomas
- Papillary
What are the different types of sarcomas? - ANSWER: - Fibrosarcomas
- Osteosarcomas
- Chondrosarcomas
- Rhabdomyosarcomas
Where are epithelial cells located? - ANSWER: Every organ in the body.
What type of process is cancer? - ANSWER: Multi Step
How long does it take to get cancer? - ANSWER: Long Time
What is cancer due to? - ANSWER: Accumulation of particular genetic and epigenetic changes.
What are the different types of changes leading to cancer? - ANSWER: • Changes can be inherited or
acquired
- "Genetics" vs "Environment"
- "Nature" vs "Nurture"
What do cancers continue to do over time? - ANSWER: Evolve
What are the steps of cancer development on a cellular level? - ANSWER: 1. Normal
2. Hyperplasia
3. Metaplasia
, 4. Dysplasia
5. Anaplasia
6. TUMOR GRADE - I, II, III
What are the steps of cancer development on a tissue level? - ANSWER: 1. Normal
2. Carcinoma In Situ
3. Locally Invasive
4. Local/Regional Metastasis (LN)
5. Distant Metastasis
6. TUMOR STAGE - TNM Stages 0, I to IV
Which cellular steps in cancer development are precancerous? - ANSWER: 1. Normal
2. Hyperplastic
3. Metaplastic
4. Dysplastic
Which cellular steps in cancer development are cancerous? - ANSWER: 1. Anaplastic
2. Cancerous
What are the steps of the molecular progression to cancer? - ANSWER: 1. Normal Epithelium
2. Hyperplasia-Adenoma
3. Metaplasia-Large Adenoma
4. Anaplasia-Cancer
5. Metastasis
What are the two different molecular lineages to developing colon cancer? - ANSWER: 1. Colon
Cancer 1 Molecular Lineage: APC / K-ras / TGFβR / p53
2. Colon Cancer 2 Molecular Lineage: APC / B-raf / DPC4 / BAX
What genes does cancer affect? - ANSWER: An array of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that
control cell growth and the natural relationships among cells.
What is the origin of the genetic and epigenetic changes involved in the development of cancer? -
ANSWER: • You can be born with them --"inherited" "germline" "congenital" "nature"
• They can occur during your life --"acquired" "somatic" "sporadic" "nurture"
What are the causes of cancer based on statistics? - ANSWER: • 10% are inherited
• 90% are from sporadic events from our "environment" or "spontaneous events" (errors in DNA
replication or epigenetic marking)
What are the different types of cancer treatment? - ANSWER: • Chemotherapy Prevention
-Primary and Secondary
• Surgery
• Radiation
• Medical/Pharmaceutical Treatments
What are the different types of medical/pharmaceutical treatments for cancer? - ANSWER: o
Cytotoxic agents
o Biologics
o Hormones
o Antimetabolites
o Immunologics
o Molecularly targeted agents
What are the different applications of chemotherapeutic regimens? - ANSWER: • Primary Treatment
with Curative Intent
