Test Bank for Research Design in Counseling, 4th Edition
by Heppner, 9781305974050, Covering Chapters 1-23 |
Includes Rationales
confirmatory bias - ANSWER: the tendency to look only for evidence that confirms their previous
hunch and to not look for evidence that might disconfirm their belief
Replication - ANSWER: Research is repeated by other investigators to see whether the same results
are found
parsimony - ANSWER: selecting simplest explanation to account for the data
plausible rival hypothesis - ANSWER: explanation of the findings other than the one the researcher
began with
Variable - ANSWER: anything we measure
independent variable - ANSWER: The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose
effect is being studied.
What are the two types of independent variable? - ANSWER: manipulated and non-manipulated
experiement - ANSWER: a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
correlational research - ANSWER: examines relationships between variables that are not directly
manipulated
researcher measures
Moderator - ANSWER: influences the relationship between two variables
mediator - ANSWER: variable through which one variable influences another
systematic sampling - ANSWER: take every kth person from list (e.g. every tenth)
stratified sampling - ANSWER: members of groups in the population are selected proportion to their
representation in the population
oversample - ANSWER: members of the subgroup are included in the sample in excess of their share
of larger population
Accidental (Available) Samples - ANSWER: take cases that are available until reaches a specifiedN
Quota Samples - ANSWER: non probability samples in which quotas, based on demographic or
classification factors selected by the researcher, are established for population subgroups
purposive sampling - ANSWER: selecting sample members to study because they possess attributes
important to understanding the research topic
, cluster sampling - ANSWER: A probability sampling technique in which clusters of participants within
the population of interest are selected at random, followed by data collection from all individuals in
each cluster.
internal validity - ANSWER: to what extent can the intervention alone be considered to account for
the results, changes, or group differences
History (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: any event inside or outside of the experiment that may
account for the results
events are shared by all or most subjects in all groups
Maturation (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: refers to changes that result from processes
internal within participants (e.g. getting older)
Testing (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: effects of repeated assessment
Instrumentation (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: changes in how DV is measured over time
can occur when any of the following is not constant: measuring instruments,
observers/raters/interviewers, remarks/directions from experimenter, test conditions, changes in
definition of criteria
Statistical regression (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: extreme scores tend to change toward the
mean over time
Selection Bias (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: comparison groups are not equal at the
beginning of the study
is a threat whenever existing groups are compared
Attrition (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: participants dropping out of study
diffusion or imitation treatment (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: control group may accidentally
get some of the treatment
Special Treatment or Reaction of Controls (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: control group gets
special attention which can be an alternative explanation of results
external validity - ANSWER: extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
Sample Characteristics (threat to external validity) - ANSWER: the extent to which results can be
extended to subjects or clients whose characteristics may differ from those included in the
investigation
Narrow Stimulus Sampling (threat to external validity) - ANSWER: the extent to which results might be
restricted to a restricted range of sampling materials or other features
Reactivity of Assessment (threat to external validity) - ANSWER: participants awareness that they are
being assessed can alter their responses
Test Sensitization (threat to external validity) - ANSWER: participants may respond differently to
intervention because pretest shows what the focus of assessment is
multiple treatment interference (threat to external validity) - ANSWER: unsure if treatment is
effective by itself if administered with another treatment or after another treatment
by Heppner, 9781305974050, Covering Chapters 1-23 |
Includes Rationales
confirmatory bias - ANSWER: the tendency to look only for evidence that confirms their previous
hunch and to not look for evidence that might disconfirm their belief
Replication - ANSWER: Research is repeated by other investigators to see whether the same results
are found
parsimony - ANSWER: selecting simplest explanation to account for the data
plausible rival hypothesis - ANSWER: explanation of the findings other than the one the researcher
began with
Variable - ANSWER: anything we measure
independent variable - ANSWER: The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose
effect is being studied.
What are the two types of independent variable? - ANSWER: manipulated and non-manipulated
experiement - ANSWER: a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
correlational research - ANSWER: examines relationships between variables that are not directly
manipulated
researcher measures
Moderator - ANSWER: influences the relationship between two variables
mediator - ANSWER: variable through which one variable influences another
systematic sampling - ANSWER: take every kth person from list (e.g. every tenth)
stratified sampling - ANSWER: members of groups in the population are selected proportion to their
representation in the population
oversample - ANSWER: members of the subgroup are included in the sample in excess of their share
of larger population
Accidental (Available) Samples - ANSWER: take cases that are available until reaches a specifiedN
Quota Samples - ANSWER: non probability samples in which quotas, based on demographic or
classification factors selected by the researcher, are established for population subgroups
purposive sampling - ANSWER: selecting sample members to study because they possess attributes
important to understanding the research topic
, cluster sampling - ANSWER: A probability sampling technique in which clusters of participants within
the population of interest are selected at random, followed by data collection from all individuals in
each cluster.
internal validity - ANSWER: to what extent can the intervention alone be considered to account for
the results, changes, or group differences
History (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: any event inside or outside of the experiment that may
account for the results
events are shared by all or most subjects in all groups
Maturation (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: refers to changes that result from processes
internal within participants (e.g. getting older)
Testing (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: effects of repeated assessment
Instrumentation (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: changes in how DV is measured over time
can occur when any of the following is not constant: measuring instruments,
observers/raters/interviewers, remarks/directions from experimenter, test conditions, changes in
definition of criteria
Statistical regression (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: extreme scores tend to change toward the
mean over time
Selection Bias (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: comparison groups are not equal at the
beginning of the study
is a threat whenever existing groups are compared
Attrition (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: participants dropping out of study
diffusion or imitation treatment (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: control group may accidentally
get some of the treatment
Special Treatment or Reaction of Controls (threat to internal validity) - ANSWER: control group gets
special attention which can be an alternative explanation of results
external validity - ANSWER: extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
Sample Characteristics (threat to external validity) - ANSWER: the extent to which results can be
extended to subjects or clients whose characteristics may differ from those included in the
investigation
Narrow Stimulus Sampling (threat to external validity) - ANSWER: the extent to which results might be
restricted to a restricted range of sampling materials or other features
Reactivity of Assessment (threat to external validity) - ANSWER: participants awareness that they are
being assessed can alter their responses
Test Sensitization (threat to external validity) - ANSWER: participants may respond differently to
intervention because pretest shows what the focus of assessment is
multiple treatment interference (threat to external validity) - ANSWER: unsure if treatment is
effective by itself if administered with another treatment or after another treatment
