Test Bank For Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
9th Edition Kumar | 9781455726134 | All Chapters with
Answers and Rationals
What property of tumor metastasis explains why muscle metastasis never occurs? - ANSWER: Organ
Tropism
Gain-of-function mutations of which genes are driver mutations? - ANSWER: Proto-oncogenes
It literally means "new growth", referring to an abnormal mass of tissue that undergoes excessive,
uncoordinated growth, usually due to genetic mutations. - ANSWER: Neoplasia
The entire population of neoplastic cells is termed to be ___, because they arise from a single cell. -
ANSWER: (Mono)Clonal
What are the basic components of tumors? - ANSWER: ~ Neoplastic Cells
~ Stroma (Connective Tissue, Blood Vessels)
This describes the abundant collagenous stroma as stimulated by parenchymal cells, usually as host
response to tumor. - ANSWER: Desmoplasia (i.e. Schirrous in Breast CA)
What are the types of tumors according to malignancy? Briefly describe each in terms of its borders
and localization. - ANSWER: ~ Benign: Well-Defined and Localized
~ Malignant: Ill-Defined and Metastatic, Invasive
What are the types of tumors according to origin? - ANSWER: ~ Epithelial (Ectoderm and Endoderm)
~ Mesenchymal (Mesoderm)
What is the nomenclature for benign and malignant tumors? Give also the exceptions. - ANSWER: ~
Benign: -oma
!!! Exceptions: Melanoma, Lymphoma, Mesothelioma, Seminoma
~ Malignant: -carcinoma, -sarcoma
These tumors originate from more than one parenchymal cell type of the *same layer*. - ANSWER:
Mixed Tumors
These tumors originate from various parenchymal cell types of *different layers*. - ANSWER:
Teratomas
Benign teratomas are described as "___", while malignant teratomas are described as "___". -
ANSWER: Mature, Immature
These are normal cells or tissues found in an abnormal area (i.e. pancreatic tissue in duodenum). -
ANSWER: Choristoma
These are disorganized cells or tissues found in their proper location. - ANSWER: Hamartoma
It refers to the lack of differentiation, usually becoming more and more primitive. It is a hallmark of
malignancy. - ANSWER: Anaplasia
What are the morphological characteristics of anaplasia? - ANSWER: ~ Pleomorphism
~ Abnormal Nuclear Morphology (Hyperchromatism, Prominent Nucleoli, Increased Nucleus-to-
Cytoplasm Ratio)
~ Abundant and/or Atypical Mitoses
, ~ Loss of Normal Polarity
It refers to the variation in shape and size of cells. - ANSWER: Pleomorphism
What are the two functional changes in anaplasia? - ANSWER: ~ Elaborate fetal proteins
~ Production of ectopic hormones
T/F: Metaplasia and dysplasia are reversible. - ANSWER: T
This describes disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation, and is reversible. - ANSWER: Dysplasia
This modulates angiogenesis for tumor growth, and its receptor is often a target of chemotherapy
drugs. - ANSWER: VEGF
It refers to the fraction of cells that are actively proliferating. - ANSWER: Growth Fraction
What are the main factors of cancerous growth? - ANSWER: ~ Doubling Time
~ Growth Fraction
~ Attrition Rate (Rate of Cell Loss or Death)
These cells explain why there is a relapse even after chemotherapy. - ANSWER: Cancer Stem Cells
Being a hallmark of malignancy, it refers to the process of forming tumor implants discontinuous with
a primary tumor. - ANSWER: Metastasis
Give three pathways of spread. - ANSWER: ~ Direct Seeding
~ Lymphatic Spread
~ Hematogenous Spread
It is the first lymph node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph node from a primary tumor
(i.e. axillary node for breast cancer). - ANSWER: Sentinel Lymph Node
This kind of metastasis occurs because of venous-lymphatic anastomoses and/or obliteration of
lymphatics by radiation or inflammation. - ANSWER: Skip Metastasis
Between venous or arterial spread of cancer, which is more common? Why? How is it for the rarer
one? - ANSWER: ~ Venous: more common, because of thinner walls
~ Arterial: rare, through capillary beds or arteriovenous shunts
It is the fourth most common cause of death in the Philippines. - ANSWER: Cancer
In the Philippines, which cancer has the:
a. highest prevalence?
b. highest morbidity? - ANSWER: a. Breast CA
b. Lung CA
It is the progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness,
anorexia, and anemia. - ANSWER: Cachexia
What is the mediator responsible for cachexia? - ANSWER: Cytokines
Enumerate the top three common cancers in men and women. - ANSWER: Men: Prostate, Lung, Colon
Women: Breast, Lung, Colon
This country has the highest rates of gastric CA because of smoked food. - ANSWER: Japan
Genetic predispositions to cancer include what? - ANSWER: ~ Autosomal dominant p53 mutation
9th Edition Kumar | 9781455726134 | All Chapters with
Answers and Rationals
What property of tumor metastasis explains why muscle metastasis never occurs? - ANSWER: Organ
Tropism
Gain-of-function mutations of which genes are driver mutations? - ANSWER: Proto-oncogenes
It literally means "new growth", referring to an abnormal mass of tissue that undergoes excessive,
uncoordinated growth, usually due to genetic mutations. - ANSWER: Neoplasia
The entire population of neoplastic cells is termed to be ___, because they arise from a single cell. -
ANSWER: (Mono)Clonal
What are the basic components of tumors? - ANSWER: ~ Neoplastic Cells
~ Stroma (Connective Tissue, Blood Vessels)
This describes the abundant collagenous stroma as stimulated by parenchymal cells, usually as host
response to tumor. - ANSWER: Desmoplasia (i.e. Schirrous in Breast CA)
What are the types of tumors according to malignancy? Briefly describe each in terms of its borders
and localization. - ANSWER: ~ Benign: Well-Defined and Localized
~ Malignant: Ill-Defined and Metastatic, Invasive
What are the types of tumors according to origin? - ANSWER: ~ Epithelial (Ectoderm and Endoderm)
~ Mesenchymal (Mesoderm)
What is the nomenclature for benign and malignant tumors? Give also the exceptions. - ANSWER: ~
Benign: -oma
!!! Exceptions: Melanoma, Lymphoma, Mesothelioma, Seminoma
~ Malignant: -carcinoma, -sarcoma
These tumors originate from more than one parenchymal cell type of the *same layer*. - ANSWER:
Mixed Tumors
These tumors originate from various parenchymal cell types of *different layers*. - ANSWER:
Teratomas
Benign teratomas are described as "___", while malignant teratomas are described as "___". -
ANSWER: Mature, Immature
These are normal cells or tissues found in an abnormal area (i.e. pancreatic tissue in duodenum). -
ANSWER: Choristoma
These are disorganized cells or tissues found in their proper location. - ANSWER: Hamartoma
It refers to the lack of differentiation, usually becoming more and more primitive. It is a hallmark of
malignancy. - ANSWER: Anaplasia
What are the morphological characteristics of anaplasia? - ANSWER: ~ Pleomorphism
~ Abnormal Nuclear Morphology (Hyperchromatism, Prominent Nucleoli, Increased Nucleus-to-
Cytoplasm Ratio)
~ Abundant and/or Atypical Mitoses
, ~ Loss of Normal Polarity
It refers to the variation in shape and size of cells. - ANSWER: Pleomorphism
What are the two functional changes in anaplasia? - ANSWER: ~ Elaborate fetal proteins
~ Production of ectopic hormones
T/F: Metaplasia and dysplasia are reversible. - ANSWER: T
This describes disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation, and is reversible. - ANSWER: Dysplasia
This modulates angiogenesis for tumor growth, and its receptor is often a target of chemotherapy
drugs. - ANSWER: VEGF
It refers to the fraction of cells that are actively proliferating. - ANSWER: Growth Fraction
What are the main factors of cancerous growth? - ANSWER: ~ Doubling Time
~ Growth Fraction
~ Attrition Rate (Rate of Cell Loss or Death)
These cells explain why there is a relapse even after chemotherapy. - ANSWER: Cancer Stem Cells
Being a hallmark of malignancy, it refers to the process of forming tumor implants discontinuous with
a primary tumor. - ANSWER: Metastasis
Give three pathways of spread. - ANSWER: ~ Direct Seeding
~ Lymphatic Spread
~ Hematogenous Spread
It is the first lymph node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph node from a primary tumor
(i.e. axillary node for breast cancer). - ANSWER: Sentinel Lymph Node
This kind of metastasis occurs because of venous-lymphatic anastomoses and/or obliteration of
lymphatics by radiation or inflammation. - ANSWER: Skip Metastasis
Between venous or arterial spread of cancer, which is more common? Why? How is it for the rarer
one? - ANSWER: ~ Venous: more common, because of thinner walls
~ Arterial: rare, through capillary beds or arteriovenous shunts
It is the fourth most common cause of death in the Philippines. - ANSWER: Cancer
In the Philippines, which cancer has the:
a. highest prevalence?
b. highest morbidity? - ANSWER: a. Breast CA
b. Lung CA
It is the progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness,
anorexia, and anemia. - ANSWER: Cachexia
What is the mediator responsible for cachexia? - ANSWER: Cytokines
Enumerate the top three common cancers in men and women. - ANSWER: Men: Prostate, Lung, Colon
Women: Breast, Lung, Colon
This country has the highest rates of gastric CA because of smoked food. - ANSWER: Japan
Genetic predispositions to cancer include what? - ANSWER: ~ Autosomal dominant p53 mutation
