PSYC 323 Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers 2024

Cohort Effects - relative similarities of a person's birth, era, or generation. (ie. millennials) Continuity vs. Discontinuity - continuity: development is gradual and occurs slowly discontinuity: sudden changes (age-related stages) Scientific Method - 1. conceptualize 2. collect data 3. draw conclusions 4. revise Freuds Theoretical Orientation - Psychoanalytic Theory - oral (birth-1yr) - anal (1-3yrs) -phallic (3-6yrs) interest in genitals -latency (6yrs-puberty) suppressed sexual interest -genital (puberty+) pleasure comes from someone outside the family Eriksons Theoretical Orientation - (Psychoanalytic) 8 Stages 1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame 3. initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs inferiority 5. identity vs identity confusion 6. intimacy vs isolation 7. generativity vs stagnation 8. integrity vs despair Piagets Theoretical Orientation - (Cognitive) 4 stages 1. Sensorimotor (birth-2yrs) sensory input & movement 2. Preoperational (2-7yrs) world in words & symbols 3. Concrete Operational (7-11yrs) logical reasoning & ability to classify objects 4. Formal Operations (12yrs+) abstract, idealistic, & logical reasoning Vygotskys Theoretical Orientation - (Cognitive) Zone of Proximal Development Information-Processing Theoretical Orientation - (Cognitive) individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it, hence, individuals can engage in thinking and memorization. 1. perceive 2. encode 3. represent 4. store 5. retrieve Behavioural & Social Cognitive Theories - - Pavlov: classical conditioning - Skinner: operant conditioning, rewards will create a behaviour response - Bandura: social cognitive theory, behaviour + environment + cognition, heavy focus on observational learning Lorenz Theoretical Orientation - (Ethological) - behaviour influence by biology stated there are critical periods of development (ie. duck imprinting) Brofenbrenner Theoretical Orientation - (Ecological) Levels of Ecological Impact 1. Microsystems - first contacts 2. Mesosystems - connections among immediete settings 3. Exosystems - social settings that indirectly have effect 4. Macrosystem - culture in which a person lives 5. Chronosystem - events across the lifespan Ethnic gloss - assigning an ehtnic label in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being homogenous Human Genome Outcomes - - Genome wide ass. method: ability to detect genetic abnormalities - Linkage analysis: ability to find mutated gene as a result of it being closely displayed in ancestry - next generation sequencing: tech advancements that reduce costs Genetic Principles (4) - - dominant-recessive - sex-linked - gene imprinting - polygenic inheritance Heredity and Environment Correlations - 1. Passive: inheritance of genes and parent replication of their own genetic tendencies (ie. parents who play sport will have kids that play sports) 2. Evocative: genetic tendencies elicit stimulation from the environment (ie. an extravert gets more smiles from others) 3. Active: children actively seek out niches that reflect their own interests and talents prescribed by their genotype (ie. going to a library because you have interest in reading) Epigenetic view - bidirectional relationship between environment and heredity Gene x Environment Interaction - ie. a gene that will only cause depression if the situational experiences trigger it. Periods of Prenatal Development - 1. Germinal 2weeks