B. PHARM.
(SEM VIII) THEORY EXAMINATION
2018-19
STANDARDIZATION OF HERBAL
DRUGS
SECTION A
1. **Brief Questions:**
**a. Define Rf value.**
- **Rf (Retention Factor) Value:** It is a ratio used in
chromatography to represent the relative distance traveled
by a substance on a chromatography plate. It is calculated
by dividing the distance traveled by the substance by the
distance traveled by the solvent front.
\[
Rf = \frac{\text{Distance traveled by the
solute}}{\text{Distance traveled by the solvent front}}
\]
**b. Write a short note on swelling index.**
- **Swelling Index:** The swelling index is a measure of
the increase in volume of a substance when it comes into
contact with water. It is especially important for substances
,that swell in water, such as gums and mucilages, and is
used to assess the quality and purity of these materials in
herbal drugs.
**c. Define ash value.**
- **Ash Value:** The ash value is the residue remaining
after the combustion of a substance. It indicates the
presence of inorganic matter, such as minerals, in the
drug. Different types of ash values include total ash,
acid-insoluble ash, and water-soluble ash, each providing
information about the quality and purity of the herbal drug.
**d. Give the principles of HPLC technique.**
- **HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography):**
The principle of HPLC involves the separation of
components in a mixture based on their interactions with a
stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mixture is
passed through a column under high pressure, where
different components elute at different times, allowing for
their identification and quantification.
**e. What do you understand by standardization?**
- **Standardization:** Standardization in herbal drugs
refers to the process of ensuring the consistency, quality,
and purity of the drug by setting specific standards. This
involves the identification, quantification, and control of the
, active constituents and other parameters, such as
physical, chemical, and biological properties.
**f. Write a short note on transverse microscopy.**
- **Transverse Microscopy:** Transverse microscopy
involves examining cross-sections of plant materials under
a microscope. This technique is used to study the internal
structure, such as the arrangement of tissues and cells,
which helps in the identification and quality control of
herbal drugs.
**g. Define extraction.**
- **Extraction:** Extraction is the process of separating
active constituents from plant materials using a suitable
solvent. This process is crucial in the preparation of herbal
medicines, as it concentrates the desired compounds
while removing impurities.
**h. Differentiate between morphology and
morphography.**
- **Morphology vs. Morphography:**
- **Morphology:** Refers to the study of the form and
structure of organisms, particularly plants, including
aspects like size, shape, and arrangement of leaves,
stems, and flowers.
- **Morphography:** Refers to the descriptive study of
the form and structure of organisms, often used in
(SEM VIII) THEORY EXAMINATION
2018-19
STANDARDIZATION OF HERBAL
DRUGS
SECTION A
1. **Brief Questions:**
**a. Define Rf value.**
- **Rf (Retention Factor) Value:** It is a ratio used in
chromatography to represent the relative distance traveled
by a substance on a chromatography plate. It is calculated
by dividing the distance traveled by the substance by the
distance traveled by the solvent front.
\[
Rf = \frac{\text{Distance traveled by the
solute}}{\text{Distance traveled by the solvent front}}
\]
**b. Write a short note on swelling index.**
- **Swelling Index:** The swelling index is a measure of
the increase in volume of a substance when it comes into
contact with water. It is especially important for substances
,that swell in water, such as gums and mucilages, and is
used to assess the quality and purity of these materials in
herbal drugs.
**c. Define ash value.**
- **Ash Value:** The ash value is the residue remaining
after the combustion of a substance. It indicates the
presence of inorganic matter, such as minerals, in the
drug. Different types of ash values include total ash,
acid-insoluble ash, and water-soluble ash, each providing
information about the quality and purity of the herbal drug.
**d. Give the principles of HPLC technique.**
- **HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography):**
The principle of HPLC involves the separation of
components in a mixture based on their interactions with a
stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mixture is
passed through a column under high pressure, where
different components elute at different times, allowing for
their identification and quantification.
**e. What do you understand by standardization?**
- **Standardization:** Standardization in herbal drugs
refers to the process of ensuring the consistency, quality,
and purity of the drug by setting specific standards. This
involves the identification, quantification, and control of the
, active constituents and other parameters, such as
physical, chemical, and biological properties.
**f. Write a short note on transverse microscopy.**
- **Transverse Microscopy:** Transverse microscopy
involves examining cross-sections of plant materials under
a microscope. This technique is used to study the internal
structure, such as the arrangement of tissues and cells,
which helps in the identification and quality control of
herbal drugs.
**g. Define extraction.**
- **Extraction:** Extraction is the process of separating
active constituents from plant materials using a suitable
solvent. This process is crucial in the preparation of herbal
medicines, as it concentrates the desired compounds
while removing impurities.
**h. Differentiate between morphology and
morphography.**
- **Morphology vs. Morphography:**
- **Morphology:** Refers to the study of the form and
structure of organisms, particularly plants, including
aspects like size, shape, and arrangement of leaves,
stems, and flowers.
- **Morphography:** Refers to the descriptive study of
the form and structure of organisms, often used in
