Past Paper Mark Scheme Answers
Guaranteed Success
define the term 'secondary socialization'.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer the way that agencies other than the family transmit the
norms, values and culture of a society.
using one example, briefly explain how schools might respond to increased diversity
caused by patterns of migration.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer - increased recruitment of teachers may be needed (1); to
make sure there are sufficient teachers competent in teaching students with English as
an additional language (1).
- the organization of the school day may need to be altered (1); to allow for observance
of religious and cultural obligations (1).
- the nature of school meals may need to be altered (1); for example menus that offer
more culturally diverse lunch options (1).
define the term 'cultural capital'.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer the knowledge, skills, attitudes or values that give the
middle classes an advantage.
using one example, briefly explain how schools may select pupils other than their
academic ability.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer - by faith (1); faith schools can demand involvement by
parents in a particular faith (1).
- geographical area (1); schools may operate a catchment area which determines who
can access the school (1).
- through ability to pay (1); some schools may require parents to pay tuition fees (1).
- by sex (1); single sex schools only take pupils of particular sex (1).
define the term 'social solidarity'.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer ties that bind a group together.
using one example, briefly explain how boys' behavior in school may make it difficult for
them to do well in the education system.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer - disrupting lessons (1); making it difficult to learn (1).
- truanting (1); meaning it is difficult to keep up with the work (1).
- prioritizing 'having a laugh' (1); so not concentrating in lessons (1).
, outline two ways in which globalization may have had an influence on educational
policies in the UK.
- 4 marks. - Correct Answer - involvement in international testing programmers such as
PISA testing (1); allow international comparison of standards (1).
- traditional subjects such as STEM/Back subjects are prioritized in the curriculum (1);
these subjects equip pupils with the skills required for the global skills-based economy
(1).
- the UK has adopted marketization/privatization policies similar to those adopted in
some other countries (1); this has led to the emergence of global education companies
involved in curriculum and assessment development (1).
- growth of the internet offers new ways of accessing information and testing (1); some
schools have policies on home-based learning (1).
outline two factors external to schools that may affect social class differences in
educational achievement.
- 4 marks. - Correct Answer - financial capital (1); middle class parents may be able to
afford equipment and experiences that contribute to high levels of educational
achievement.
- poor housing (1); overcrowding in working class homes may mean there is no quiet
place to study leading to lower levels of educational achievement (1).
- parental attitudes towards education (1); middle class parents may be more likely to
value educational achievement for their children (1).
- linguistic codes (1); middle class children are more likely to use the elaborated speech
code which contributes to high educational achievement.
- subcultural values (1) working class subcultural values such as immediate gratification
and fatalism may contribute to lower levels of educational achievement (1).
- cultural capital (1); middle class children are more likely to have the knowledge and
experiences that improve educational achievement (1).
outline three reasons why some working-class boys join anti-school subcultures.
- 6 marks. - Correct Answer - status frustration (1); some working class boys may not
achieve academically and join anti-school subcultures to gain status within their peer
group (1).
- fewer job opportunities for working class boys (1); this may lead them to express
hegemonic masculinity through membership of anti-school subcultures (1).
- working class attitudes and values (1); such as fatalism and immediate gratification
may result in feelings of alienation for some working class boys in school and
membership of anti-school subcultures (1).
- as an expression of class identity (1); some groups of working class boys deliberately
choose to break school uniform rules by wearing branded clothing as a form of symbolic
capital, a feature of anti-school subcultures (1).
- working class boys are less likely to be seen as 'ideal students' (1); joining an anti-
school subculture can be seen as expression of resistance to negative labeling (1).
outline two reasons why marketization policies may produce inequality of educational
achievement between social classes.
Guaranteed Success
define the term 'secondary socialization'.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer the way that agencies other than the family transmit the
norms, values and culture of a society.
using one example, briefly explain how schools might respond to increased diversity
caused by patterns of migration.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer - increased recruitment of teachers may be needed (1); to
make sure there are sufficient teachers competent in teaching students with English as
an additional language (1).
- the organization of the school day may need to be altered (1); to allow for observance
of religious and cultural obligations (1).
- the nature of school meals may need to be altered (1); for example menus that offer
more culturally diverse lunch options (1).
define the term 'cultural capital'.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer the knowledge, skills, attitudes or values that give the
middle classes an advantage.
using one example, briefly explain how schools may select pupils other than their
academic ability.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer - by faith (1); faith schools can demand involvement by
parents in a particular faith (1).
- geographical area (1); schools may operate a catchment area which determines who
can access the school (1).
- through ability to pay (1); some schools may require parents to pay tuition fees (1).
- by sex (1); single sex schools only take pupils of particular sex (1).
define the term 'social solidarity'.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer ties that bind a group together.
using one example, briefly explain how boys' behavior in school may make it difficult for
them to do well in the education system.
- 2 marks. - Correct Answer - disrupting lessons (1); making it difficult to learn (1).
- truanting (1); meaning it is difficult to keep up with the work (1).
- prioritizing 'having a laugh' (1); so not concentrating in lessons (1).
, outline two ways in which globalization may have had an influence on educational
policies in the UK.
- 4 marks. - Correct Answer - involvement in international testing programmers such as
PISA testing (1); allow international comparison of standards (1).
- traditional subjects such as STEM/Back subjects are prioritized in the curriculum (1);
these subjects equip pupils with the skills required for the global skills-based economy
(1).
- the UK has adopted marketization/privatization policies similar to those adopted in
some other countries (1); this has led to the emergence of global education companies
involved in curriculum and assessment development (1).
- growth of the internet offers new ways of accessing information and testing (1); some
schools have policies on home-based learning (1).
outline two factors external to schools that may affect social class differences in
educational achievement.
- 4 marks. - Correct Answer - financial capital (1); middle class parents may be able to
afford equipment and experiences that contribute to high levels of educational
achievement.
- poor housing (1); overcrowding in working class homes may mean there is no quiet
place to study leading to lower levels of educational achievement (1).
- parental attitudes towards education (1); middle class parents may be more likely to
value educational achievement for their children (1).
- linguistic codes (1); middle class children are more likely to use the elaborated speech
code which contributes to high educational achievement.
- subcultural values (1) working class subcultural values such as immediate gratification
and fatalism may contribute to lower levels of educational achievement (1).
- cultural capital (1); middle class children are more likely to have the knowledge and
experiences that improve educational achievement (1).
outline three reasons why some working-class boys join anti-school subcultures.
- 6 marks. - Correct Answer - status frustration (1); some working class boys may not
achieve academically and join anti-school subcultures to gain status within their peer
group (1).
- fewer job opportunities for working class boys (1); this may lead them to express
hegemonic masculinity through membership of anti-school subcultures (1).
- working class attitudes and values (1); such as fatalism and immediate gratification
may result in feelings of alienation for some working class boys in school and
membership of anti-school subcultures (1).
- as an expression of class identity (1); some groups of working class boys deliberately
choose to break school uniform rules by wearing branded clothing as a form of symbolic
capital, a feature of anti-school subcultures (1).
- working class boys are less likely to be seen as 'ideal students' (1); joining an anti-
school subculture can be seen as expression of resistance to negative labeling (1).
outline two reasons why marketization policies may produce inequality of educational
achievement between social classes.
