Research and Statistics Questions and Answers 2024
What are the 8 steps in conducting research? ** Answ** 1. Identify - Relevant Topic
2. Develop - Research question
3. Develop - Hypothesis to predict the relationship (Null or Alternative)
4. Prepare - Methodology
5. Organize - Methods and materials
6. Collect + Analyze data
7. Study - results/make a decision/ draw conclusions
8. Study - Design and checklist
Who reviews research conduction? ** Answ** The Institutional Review Board (IRB) under
the FDA in order to ensure ethics and compliance
What does a Null hypothesis mean? ** Answ** No relationship b/w variables
What does a Alternative hypothesis mean? ** Answ** AFFIRMATIVE relationship b/w
variables
What are the two types of research? Define them each ** Answ** Descriptive - Can only
determine associations
Analytical - Experimental can only determine casual relationships (cause + Effect). There is also
observational which is association.
What research falls under Descriptive research? ** Answ** Qualitative research, case
report/case study research and Correlation studies
What research falls under Analytical research? ** Answ** Experimental - Randomized
Controlled Trial, Parallel Study, Crossover Study, 2 Period Crossover Study
,Observational - Quasi Experimental, Cohort studies(Prospective, retrospective) , case control
study, cross sectional study
What is Descriptive research: Qualitative ? ** Answ** *NO NUMBERS*
Want to explore a particular interest and not measure something
- Observations
- Surveys
- Interviews
- Focus groups
- Delphi Method (Bring in experts to collect their opinion)
Example: Researchers want to know what specific character traits are associated with
hyperlipidemia, and therefore conduct personality interviews to those individuals with HLD
What is Descriptive research: Case Report/Case Study? ** Answ** Having a patient and
figuring out the condition
- s/s
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Follow up
What is Descriptive research: Correlation/Ecological studies? ** Answ** Seeks to find the
relationship naturally occurring variables have with one another
Linear Correlations
- R value
Which is the gold standard for analytical: Experiments? and why? ** Answ** Randomized
controlled trials because the provide direct cause and effect.
, What is analytical research: Experiments: Parallel Design? ** Answ** There are two groups
and the participants remain in their groups for the whole study
What is analytical research: Experiments: Crossover Design? ** Answ** Participants receive
each treatment in a random order
What is analytical research: Experiments: 2 Period Crossover Design? ** Answ**
Participants are assigned to group AB or BA. AB receives treatment A in the first period and B
in the second period, and vice versa in the BA group.
T/F: When using the experimental method, participants are always randomized to either be part
of the experimetal group or the control group. ** Answ** True
What is the Hawthorne effect? ** Answ** the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a
study due to their awareness of being observed.
What is analytical research: Quasi Experimental ? ** Answ** AKA time series or before and
after study
you measure something before the intervention, give the intervention, and then measure the same
thing after to see how successful the intervention was/if it had a significant impact.
What are the two types of analytical research: Cohort Study ? and what are they used for? Define
them. ** Answ** *Used to determine risk factors*
Prospective (Incidence): Follow a group of healthy ppl over time and see how they develop a
disease
Retrospective: Take a group of people currently with a disease and look back at their life before
and determine the common risk factors that these individuals have in common.
What are the 8 steps in conducting research? ** Answ** 1. Identify - Relevant Topic
2. Develop - Research question
3. Develop - Hypothesis to predict the relationship (Null or Alternative)
4. Prepare - Methodology
5. Organize - Methods and materials
6. Collect + Analyze data
7. Study - results/make a decision/ draw conclusions
8. Study - Design and checklist
Who reviews research conduction? ** Answ** The Institutional Review Board (IRB) under
the FDA in order to ensure ethics and compliance
What does a Null hypothesis mean? ** Answ** No relationship b/w variables
What does a Alternative hypothesis mean? ** Answ** AFFIRMATIVE relationship b/w
variables
What are the two types of research? Define them each ** Answ** Descriptive - Can only
determine associations
Analytical - Experimental can only determine casual relationships (cause + Effect). There is also
observational which is association.
What research falls under Descriptive research? ** Answ** Qualitative research, case
report/case study research and Correlation studies
What research falls under Analytical research? ** Answ** Experimental - Randomized
Controlled Trial, Parallel Study, Crossover Study, 2 Period Crossover Study
,Observational - Quasi Experimental, Cohort studies(Prospective, retrospective) , case control
study, cross sectional study
What is Descriptive research: Qualitative ? ** Answ** *NO NUMBERS*
Want to explore a particular interest and not measure something
- Observations
- Surveys
- Interviews
- Focus groups
- Delphi Method (Bring in experts to collect their opinion)
Example: Researchers want to know what specific character traits are associated with
hyperlipidemia, and therefore conduct personality interviews to those individuals with HLD
What is Descriptive research: Case Report/Case Study? ** Answ** Having a patient and
figuring out the condition
- s/s
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Follow up
What is Descriptive research: Correlation/Ecological studies? ** Answ** Seeks to find the
relationship naturally occurring variables have with one another
Linear Correlations
- R value
Which is the gold standard for analytical: Experiments? and why? ** Answ** Randomized
controlled trials because the provide direct cause and effect.
, What is analytical research: Experiments: Parallel Design? ** Answ** There are two groups
and the participants remain in their groups for the whole study
What is analytical research: Experiments: Crossover Design? ** Answ** Participants receive
each treatment in a random order
What is analytical research: Experiments: 2 Period Crossover Design? ** Answ**
Participants are assigned to group AB or BA. AB receives treatment A in the first period and B
in the second period, and vice versa in the BA group.
T/F: When using the experimental method, participants are always randomized to either be part
of the experimetal group or the control group. ** Answ** True
What is the Hawthorne effect? ** Answ** the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a
study due to their awareness of being observed.
What is analytical research: Quasi Experimental ? ** Answ** AKA time series or before and
after study
you measure something before the intervention, give the intervention, and then measure the same
thing after to see how successful the intervention was/if it had a significant impact.
What are the two types of analytical research: Cohort Study ? and what are they used for? Define
them. ** Answ** *Used to determine risk factors*
Prospective (Incidence): Follow a group of healthy ppl over time and see how they develop a
disease
Retrospective: Take a group of people currently with a disease and look back at their life before
and determine the common risk factors that these individuals have in common.
