BIOCHEM EXAM
what was the beginning of biochem - ANSWER: Buchner's demonstration of alcoholic
fermentation by cell-free extracts of yeast
reductionist concept - ANSWER: looking at a complex system and trying to understand
it by studying the behavior of individual components
what is the structure of water - ANSWER: H2O, bent, approximately tetrahedral
electronegativity - ANSWER: affinity of atom for electrons
hydrogen bonds - ANSWER: HNOF
hydrogen bonds are (strong or weak) - ANSWER: weak
h-bond is the strongest type of what force - ANSWER: intermolecular
what is the strongest intramolecular force - ANSWER: covalent
intramolecular - ANSWER: within a molecule
intermolecular - ANSWER: between molecules
h-bond donors - ANSWER: h bonded to a more electronegative atom (O-H, N-H)
h-bond acceptors - ANSWER: an electronegative atom with free electron pairs (O,N)
hydrophobic effect - ANSWER: self association of nonpolar molecules or parts of
molecules in the presence of water (NOT LIKE PREFERS LIKE OR REPULSION)
what happens to the ability to move in a hydration shell - ANSWER: freedom is
constrained
entropy is reduced
entropy - ANSWER: disorder
Gibbs free energy equation - ANSWER: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS (delt H is enthalpy and delt S is
entropy)
Alkalinity - ANSWER: the strength of a base
, pH formula - ANSWER: =-log[H+]
Ka = - ANSWER: Ka= [H+][A-]/[HA]
pKa= - ANSWER: pKa=-logKa
acid is represented by - ANSWER: HA
conjugate base is represented by - ANSWER: A or A-
equilibria for carboxylic acids - ANSWER: HA = A- + H+
equilibria for amines - ANSWER: HA+ = A + H+
inverse log is - ANSWER: 10 ^ x
when pH is greater than 1 unit above pKa write as - ANSWER: A-
when pH is greater than 1 unit below pKA write as - ANSWER: HA
what is a peptide bond? - ANSWER: bond between the amine group and carboxylic
group of amino acids
what are enzymes - ANSWER: nature's catalysts that increase rates of chemical
reactions, made of proteins
is the peptide bond charged - ANSWER: due to the resonance there are partial charges,
N is not a hydrogen acceptor
what are enzymes made of - ANSWER: mostly protein (RNA molecules)
alpha helix hydrogen bond pattern - ANSWER: i, i + 4
what is the degree of catalytic enhancement - ANSWER: kcat > 10^10 for most
enzymes
are hormones enzymes? - ANSWER: no
what happens with the structure of an enzyme after it is used - ANSWER: it isn't
changed and can carry out a lot of rounds of catlysis
pKa > pH - ANSWER: protonated (+)
what is the active site - ANSWER: where the substrate binds onto the protein and
undergoes a chem. rx
what was the beginning of biochem - ANSWER: Buchner's demonstration of alcoholic
fermentation by cell-free extracts of yeast
reductionist concept - ANSWER: looking at a complex system and trying to understand
it by studying the behavior of individual components
what is the structure of water - ANSWER: H2O, bent, approximately tetrahedral
electronegativity - ANSWER: affinity of atom for electrons
hydrogen bonds - ANSWER: HNOF
hydrogen bonds are (strong or weak) - ANSWER: weak
h-bond is the strongest type of what force - ANSWER: intermolecular
what is the strongest intramolecular force - ANSWER: covalent
intramolecular - ANSWER: within a molecule
intermolecular - ANSWER: between molecules
h-bond donors - ANSWER: h bonded to a more electronegative atom (O-H, N-H)
h-bond acceptors - ANSWER: an electronegative atom with free electron pairs (O,N)
hydrophobic effect - ANSWER: self association of nonpolar molecules or parts of
molecules in the presence of water (NOT LIKE PREFERS LIKE OR REPULSION)
what happens to the ability to move in a hydration shell - ANSWER: freedom is
constrained
entropy is reduced
entropy - ANSWER: disorder
Gibbs free energy equation - ANSWER: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS (delt H is enthalpy and delt S is
entropy)
Alkalinity - ANSWER: the strength of a base
, pH formula - ANSWER: =-log[H+]
Ka = - ANSWER: Ka= [H+][A-]/[HA]
pKa= - ANSWER: pKa=-logKa
acid is represented by - ANSWER: HA
conjugate base is represented by - ANSWER: A or A-
equilibria for carboxylic acids - ANSWER: HA = A- + H+
equilibria for amines - ANSWER: HA+ = A + H+
inverse log is - ANSWER: 10 ^ x
when pH is greater than 1 unit above pKa write as - ANSWER: A-
when pH is greater than 1 unit below pKA write as - ANSWER: HA
what is a peptide bond? - ANSWER: bond between the amine group and carboxylic
group of amino acids
what are enzymes - ANSWER: nature's catalysts that increase rates of chemical
reactions, made of proteins
is the peptide bond charged - ANSWER: due to the resonance there are partial charges,
N is not a hydrogen acceptor
what are enzymes made of - ANSWER: mostly protein (RNA molecules)
alpha helix hydrogen bond pattern - ANSWER: i, i + 4
what is the degree of catalytic enhancement - ANSWER: kcat > 10^10 for most
enzymes
are hormones enzymes? - ANSWER: no
what happens with the structure of an enzyme after it is used - ANSWER: it isn't
changed and can carry out a lot of rounds of catlysis
pKa > pH - ANSWER: protonated (+)
what is the active site - ANSWER: where the substrate binds onto the protein and
undergoes a chem. rx
