Introduction to Philosophy Final Exam (StraighterLine): Questions & Answers: Guaranteed APlus Guide

According to David Hume, why can't past experience justify claims about the future? a. Our knowledge of past experience depends on memory, which cannot be known to be accurate. b. Tricky question! Hume does think that past experience can justify claims about the future. c. Because we can never know if we are the same person as the person we seem to remember being, past experience cannot be a guide to claims about our future. d. We can never know whether or not the future will be like the past. (Ans- d. We can never know whether or not the future will be like the past. According to the philosophy of Absolute Idealism, what is the relationship between "being real" and "being knowable"? a. No reality is knowable. b. All reality is knowable. c. Some reality is knowable and some aren't. d. Only God is ultimately unknowable. (Ans- b. All reality is knowable. According to David Hume, the self is a(n) _____. a. sequence of perceptions b. immaterial, unchanging substance c. physical body d. social entity (Ans- a. sequence of perceptions According to Hegel, the highest reality (the absolute) is _____. a. the entire material world b. a God who exists beyond the world c. an infinite thought thinking of itself d. a vast group of independent particulars (Ans- c. an infinite thought thinking of itself Identify a true statement about Søren Kierkegaard. a. He scorned Hegel's system, in which the individual dissolves into a kind of abstract unreality. b. He read Arthur Schopenhauer and became convinced that the world is driven by cosmic will, not by reason. c. He believed that systematic philosophy, with its grandiose schemes, with its mind-body and other dualistic splits, with its metaphysics and metaphysical traditions, must give way to more original kind of thinking. d. He agreed with Friedrich Nietzsche as to the nature of the cosmic will. (Ans- a. He scorned Hegel's system, in which the individual dissolves into a kind of abstract unreality. What did Michel Foucault claim concerning epistemes? Select one: a. They form a continuous series leading to the advancement of truth over superstition. b. They are "created realities" that are the ground of true and false in each era. c. They are discovered, not made. d. They can be the basis of objective truth claims. (Ans- b. They are "created realities" that are the ground of true and false in each era. For French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, what is culture? Select one: a. a system of signs b. a conversation c. a common heritage d. a common language (Ans- a. a system of signs An authentic existence can be found, according to Heidegger, only if one can _____. a. believe in God b. believe in the superior man c. take responsibility for one's choices d. understand oneself as a totality (Ans- d. understand oneself as a totality Who searched for a group of rules that accounts for the social complexities of even so-called primitive cultures? a. Jacques Derrida b. Michel Foucault c. Martin Heidegger d. Claude Levi-Strauss (Ans- d. Claude Levi-Strauss Which of the following statements is true about Martin Heidegger? a. He was sympathetic to the Marxist worldview. b. He believed that, as a consequence of the nonexistence of God, nothing about Being is necessary. c. He abandoned his belief in Being as the basic principle of philosophy. d. He believed that people are basically ignorant about the thing that matters most—the true nature of Being. (Ans- d. He believed that people are basically ignorant about the thing that matters most—the true nature of Being.