PART 1
INTRODUCTION
Psychology is an interesting and complex field of study that began in the 19th century with the
aim of understanding the human mind and behavior. The emergence of psychology as a scientific
discipline has been proposed several times in the history of psychology, both from the pre-
scientific era and the present era. It is also a field that studies the mental processes and thought
patterns of animate individuals. Prior to this, issues related to mind and behavior have generally
been explored in a philosophical context with little emphasis on empirical observations or
scientific experiments. Wilhelm Wundt and William James are generally credited with laying the
foundation for psychology as a scientific and academic discipline distinct from philosophy. The
work of Wundt and James played an important role in the development of psychology as a
scientific and academic discipline. By using empirical methods to study human behavior and
mental processes, these two men helped establish psychology as a distinct field of study separate
from philosophy. This assignment focuses on the differences between the pre-scientific era of
psychology and the scientific era, exploring the lives and contributions of two influential figures
in the history of psychology, namely Wundt, who is often referred to as the “father of
psychology,” and James, who is known as the “father of American psychology.”.
, THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PRE-SCIENTIFIC ERA AND THE SCIENTIFIC
ERA OF PSYCHOLOGY
The pre-scientific era of psychology refers to the period before the 19th century when issues
related to the mind and behavior were explored in a philosophical context. It also refers to the
time before the development of scientific methods and the use of empirical evidence to study
human behavior and mental processes. At this time, psychology was largely based on
philosophical and religious beliefs and was often used to explain supernatural phenomena or to
justify social norms and practices. In contrast, the scientific era of psychology also refers to the
period beginning in the 19th century when scientific methods were developed and empirical
evidence began to be used to study psychological phenomena. At this time, psychology became a
more formal and systematic field of study, and researchers began to use rigorous methods to
study human behavior and mental processes. In the pre-scientific era, psychological concepts and
theories were often based on philosophical or religious beliefs rather than empirical evidence.
Before the 19th century, psychological research was largely based on philosophical theories and
speculation. In contrast, in the scientific era of psychology, researchers began to use empirical
methods such as experiments and reviews and observational studies to study human behavior and
mental processes that allowed psychologists to make more precise and reliable observations and
develop more precise theories about the nature of the mind and behavior
(https://nizaamir.blogspot.com/2017/08/sejarah-dan-falsafah-pisokologi.html).
These two elements can be distinguished by looking at the concept of each other. Pre-scientific is
the era at the beginning of psychology that we can know about Greek philosophy. Among the
clever sages who pioneered the science of psychology was Plato, who asserted that humans are
rational animals and can think logically; even humans are able to realize the truth of themselves,
realize something of existence about themselves, and can interact with nature. Aristotle also
argued that humans are just one biological system, namely a combination of systems that interact
with each other. Even in this case, feelings, the soul, reason, and the human mind are one of the
systems that make the organism a human being. In addition, humans are seen to be influenced by
experiences and the environment. During the pre-scientific period, the enactment of the ancient
Greek era, namely the era that practiced an attitude that studied and investigated critically and
did not accept experience based on the attitude of the development of science, was increasingly
INTRODUCTION
Psychology is an interesting and complex field of study that began in the 19th century with the
aim of understanding the human mind and behavior. The emergence of psychology as a scientific
discipline has been proposed several times in the history of psychology, both from the pre-
scientific era and the present era. It is also a field that studies the mental processes and thought
patterns of animate individuals. Prior to this, issues related to mind and behavior have generally
been explored in a philosophical context with little emphasis on empirical observations or
scientific experiments. Wilhelm Wundt and William James are generally credited with laying the
foundation for psychology as a scientific and academic discipline distinct from philosophy. The
work of Wundt and James played an important role in the development of psychology as a
scientific and academic discipline. By using empirical methods to study human behavior and
mental processes, these two men helped establish psychology as a distinct field of study separate
from philosophy. This assignment focuses on the differences between the pre-scientific era of
psychology and the scientific era, exploring the lives and contributions of two influential figures
in the history of psychology, namely Wundt, who is often referred to as the “father of
psychology,” and James, who is known as the “father of American psychology.”.
, THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PRE-SCIENTIFIC ERA AND THE SCIENTIFIC
ERA OF PSYCHOLOGY
The pre-scientific era of psychology refers to the period before the 19th century when issues
related to the mind and behavior were explored in a philosophical context. It also refers to the
time before the development of scientific methods and the use of empirical evidence to study
human behavior and mental processes. At this time, psychology was largely based on
philosophical and religious beliefs and was often used to explain supernatural phenomena or to
justify social norms and practices. In contrast, the scientific era of psychology also refers to the
period beginning in the 19th century when scientific methods were developed and empirical
evidence began to be used to study psychological phenomena. At this time, psychology became a
more formal and systematic field of study, and researchers began to use rigorous methods to
study human behavior and mental processes. In the pre-scientific era, psychological concepts and
theories were often based on philosophical or religious beliefs rather than empirical evidence.
Before the 19th century, psychological research was largely based on philosophical theories and
speculation. In contrast, in the scientific era of psychology, researchers began to use empirical
methods such as experiments and reviews and observational studies to study human behavior and
mental processes that allowed psychologists to make more precise and reliable observations and
develop more precise theories about the nature of the mind and behavior
(https://nizaamir.blogspot.com/2017/08/sejarah-dan-falsafah-pisokologi.html).
These two elements can be distinguished by looking at the concept of each other. Pre-scientific is
the era at the beginning of psychology that we can know about Greek philosophy. Among the
clever sages who pioneered the science of psychology was Plato, who asserted that humans are
rational animals and can think logically; even humans are able to realize the truth of themselves,
realize something of existence about themselves, and can interact with nature. Aristotle also
argued that humans are just one biological system, namely a combination of systems that interact
with each other. Even in this case, feelings, the soul, reason, and the human mind are one of the
systems that make the organism a human being. In addition, humans are seen to be influenced by
experiences and the environment. During the pre-scientific period, the enactment of the ancient
Greek era, namely the era that practiced an attitude that studied and investigated critically and
did not accept experience based on the attitude of the development of science, was increasingly
