psychology Themes and Variations 6th
edition ch 1-3
Wilhelm Wundt - ANSWER: german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal
science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879
William James - ANSWER: founder of functionalism; studied how humans use
perception to function in our environment
John B. Watson - ANSWER: behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people
and their reactions on a given situation; believed in nurture over nature; focus was on
stimulus-response relationships
Sigmund Freud - ANSWER: Austrian physician whose work focused on the
unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis; he
suggested that people were not masters of their own minds; prominent followers were
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
B.F. Skinner - ANSWER: behavioral; created techniques to manipulate the
consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent
behavior; emphasized how environmental factors mould behaviour; beleived that free
will is an illusion
Structuralism (Wundt) - ANSWER: led by Edward Titchener and focused on analyzing
consciousness into basic elements and involved careful, systematic observations of
one's own conscious experience
Functionalism - ANSWER: led by William James and focused on investigating the
function or purpose of consciousness and led to the investigation of mental testing,
developmental patterns and sex differences, and may have attracted the first women to
the field
Margaret Floy Washburn - ANSWER: the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in
the U.S.
Behaviourism - ANSWER: led by John B. Watson, focused on the view that psychology
should be an objective science that studies behaviour without reference to mental
processes
Stimulus - ANSWER: any detectable input from the environment
, psychoanalytic theory - ANSWER: A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain
personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants
of behaviour
Introspection - ANSWER: the careful, systematic self-observation of one's own
conscious experience
behaviour - ANSWER: Any observable response or activity by an organism
unconscious - ANSWER: thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the
surface of conscious awareness but that exert great influence on behaviour
Schools of Thought in order - ANSWER: 1. structuralism
2. functionalism
3. behaviourism
4. psychoanalytic
5. humanism
6. cognitive/neuroscience
7. biological
8. evolutionary
9. cultural
10. positive
Humanism - ANSWER: led by Carl Rodgers and Abraham Maslow; a theoretical
orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom
and their potential for personal growth
cognitive psychology/neuroscience - ANSWER: led by Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky
(language), and Herbert Simon; studied thoughts and mental processes; used the
application of scientific methods to study internal mental events; the dominant
perspective in psychology today
cognition - ANSWER: refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
biological psychology - ANSWER: led by James Olds (electrical stimulation), Roger
Sperry (left and right specialization), and Donald Hebb (neural networks); behaviour is
explained in terms of physiological processes (neuroscience)
Ethnocentrism - ANSWER: Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group and
as the standard for judging
White middle and upper class male psychologists historically studied: - ANSWER: white
middle and upper class males
edition ch 1-3
Wilhelm Wundt - ANSWER: german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal
science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879
William James - ANSWER: founder of functionalism; studied how humans use
perception to function in our environment
John B. Watson - ANSWER: behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people
and their reactions on a given situation; believed in nurture over nature; focus was on
stimulus-response relationships
Sigmund Freud - ANSWER: Austrian physician whose work focused on the
unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis; he
suggested that people were not masters of their own minds; prominent followers were
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
B.F. Skinner - ANSWER: behavioral; created techniques to manipulate the
consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent
behavior; emphasized how environmental factors mould behaviour; beleived that free
will is an illusion
Structuralism (Wundt) - ANSWER: led by Edward Titchener and focused on analyzing
consciousness into basic elements and involved careful, systematic observations of
one's own conscious experience
Functionalism - ANSWER: led by William James and focused on investigating the
function or purpose of consciousness and led to the investigation of mental testing,
developmental patterns and sex differences, and may have attracted the first women to
the field
Margaret Floy Washburn - ANSWER: the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in
the U.S.
Behaviourism - ANSWER: led by John B. Watson, focused on the view that psychology
should be an objective science that studies behaviour without reference to mental
processes
Stimulus - ANSWER: any detectable input from the environment
, psychoanalytic theory - ANSWER: A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain
personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants
of behaviour
Introspection - ANSWER: the careful, systematic self-observation of one's own
conscious experience
behaviour - ANSWER: Any observable response or activity by an organism
unconscious - ANSWER: thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the
surface of conscious awareness but that exert great influence on behaviour
Schools of Thought in order - ANSWER: 1. structuralism
2. functionalism
3. behaviourism
4. psychoanalytic
5. humanism
6. cognitive/neuroscience
7. biological
8. evolutionary
9. cultural
10. positive
Humanism - ANSWER: led by Carl Rodgers and Abraham Maslow; a theoretical
orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom
and their potential for personal growth
cognitive psychology/neuroscience - ANSWER: led by Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky
(language), and Herbert Simon; studied thoughts and mental processes; used the
application of scientific methods to study internal mental events; the dominant
perspective in psychology today
cognition - ANSWER: refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
biological psychology - ANSWER: led by James Olds (electrical stimulation), Roger
Sperry (left and right specialization), and Donald Hebb (neural networks); behaviour is
explained in terms of physiological processes (neuroscience)
Ethnocentrism - ANSWER: Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group and
as the standard for judging
White middle and upper class male psychologists historically studied: - ANSWER: white
middle and upper class males
