Test Bank for Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition by David R. Klein
9781119659594 | All Chapters with Answers and Rationals
what is a hydrocarbon - ANSWER: a compound made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons - ANSWER: saturated- single
bonds only
unsaturated - double or triple bonds
what is a homologous series - ANSWER: a series of organic compounds with the same functional
group but each successive number is different
what is a functional group - ANSWER: group of atoms in a molecule (or a part of a molecule)
responsible for its chemical properties
what are the 3 hydrocarbon classifications? - ANSWER: aliphatic
alicyclic
aromatic
what is important to remember about compounds in a homologous series - ANSWER: they have
similar chemical properties, not the same
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon? - ANSWER: when carbon and hydrogen atoms joined together in
straight or branched chains.
what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon? - ANSWER: Hydrocarbons arranged in non aromatic rings with or
without side chains
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon? - ANSWER: Hydrocarbon where some or all of the carbon atoms
are found in a benzene ring
what is a general formula - ANSWER: The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous
series
what is a displayed formula - ANSWER: shows relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and
the bonds between them
what is structural formula - ANSWER: showing the minimum detail for arrangement of atoms in a
molecule
what is skeletal formula? - ANSWER: shows the simplified organic formula, removing hydrogen atoms
from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
Give me 3 reasons why carbon is soo special - ANSWER: - it can form single, double or triple bonds to
other atoms
- it can form long chains of carbon atoms
-it can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
What is the difference between the general formula and the molecular formula of an alcohol? -
ANSWER: general formula - CnH2n+1OH
molecular formula - CnH2n+2 0
what are structural isomers - ANSWER: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structural formula
, how can structural isomers be formed - ANSWER: changing the position of the functional group
changing the branching of the carbon chain
what is the general formula for a carboxylic acid - ANSWER: CnH2nO2
what is important to note about how you draw structural isomers? - ANSWER: they should be written
in the simplest form - including branches
What is homolytic fission? - ANSWER: The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded
electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.
What is heterolytic fission? - ANSWER: Covalent bond breaks and one of the bonded atoms takes both
electrons, forming cations and anions
what is a radical - ANSWER: an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron
What is a reaction mechanism? - ANSWER: a series of bond breaking and bond forming steps, showing
the path electrons take during a reaction
what is an addition reaction? - ANSWER: a reaction where 2 reactants join together to form one
product
What is a substitution reaction? - ANSWER: a reaction in which one atom (or group of atoms) replaces
another atom (or group of atoms)
What is an elimination reaction? - ANSWER: Removal of a small molecule from a larger saturated
molecule to form an unsaturated molecule
what is the general formula for cycloalkanes - ANSWER: CnH2n
How do you obtain kerosene from crude oil - ANSWER: fractional distillation
increase the temperature of the system to ensure each fraction vaporises and is collected
what are alkanes - ANSWER: saturated hydrocarbons containing single C-C and C-H bonds as σ-bonds
What is a sigma bond? - ANSWER: overlap of 2 orbitals directly between the nuclei of the bonding
atoms
what shape do alkanes have - ANSWER: 3D tetrahedral shape
What does an increase in chain length have on boiling points of alkanes? - ANSWER: -increased chain
length
-molecules have a larger surface area
-more surface contact between molecules
-stronger London forces
-more energy to overcome them
Give me 2 reasons why branching decreases boiling point? - ANSWER: -fewer surface points of contact
between molecules
-branches get in the way of branched molecules getting as close together as straight chain molecules
Why are alkanes unreactive? - ANSWER: - C-C and C-H sigma bonds are strong
- C-C and C-H bonds are non-polar
what are the limitations of radical substitution in organic synthesis - ANSWER: -further substitution
can continue until all hydrogen atoms have been substituted
-if the carbon chain is longer, we get a mixture of monosubstituted isomers
9781119659594 | All Chapters with Answers and Rationals
what is a hydrocarbon - ANSWER: a compound made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons - ANSWER: saturated- single
bonds only
unsaturated - double or triple bonds
what is a homologous series - ANSWER: a series of organic compounds with the same functional
group but each successive number is different
what is a functional group - ANSWER: group of atoms in a molecule (or a part of a molecule)
responsible for its chemical properties
what are the 3 hydrocarbon classifications? - ANSWER: aliphatic
alicyclic
aromatic
what is important to remember about compounds in a homologous series - ANSWER: they have
similar chemical properties, not the same
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon? - ANSWER: when carbon and hydrogen atoms joined together in
straight or branched chains.
what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon? - ANSWER: Hydrocarbons arranged in non aromatic rings with or
without side chains
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon? - ANSWER: Hydrocarbon where some or all of the carbon atoms
are found in a benzene ring
what is a general formula - ANSWER: The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous
series
what is a displayed formula - ANSWER: shows relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and
the bonds between them
what is structural formula - ANSWER: showing the minimum detail for arrangement of atoms in a
molecule
what is skeletal formula? - ANSWER: shows the simplified organic formula, removing hydrogen atoms
from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
Give me 3 reasons why carbon is soo special - ANSWER: - it can form single, double or triple bonds to
other atoms
- it can form long chains of carbon atoms
-it can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
What is the difference between the general formula and the molecular formula of an alcohol? -
ANSWER: general formula - CnH2n+1OH
molecular formula - CnH2n+2 0
what are structural isomers - ANSWER: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structural formula
, how can structural isomers be formed - ANSWER: changing the position of the functional group
changing the branching of the carbon chain
what is the general formula for a carboxylic acid - ANSWER: CnH2nO2
what is important to note about how you draw structural isomers? - ANSWER: they should be written
in the simplest form - including branches
What is homolytic fission? - ANSWER: The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded
electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.
What is heterolytic fission? - ANSWER: Covalent bond breaks and one of the bonded atoms takes both
electrons, forming cations and anions
what is a radical - ANSWER: an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron
What is a reaction mechanism? - ANSWER: a series of bond breaking and bond forming steps, showing
the path electrons take during a reaction
what is an addition reaction? - ANSWER: a reaction where 2 reactants join together to form one
product
What is a substitution reaction? - ANSWER: a reaction in which one atom (or group of atoms) replaces
another atom (or group of atoms)
What is an elimination reaction? - ANSWER: Removal of a small molecule from a larger saturated
molecule to form an unsaturated molecule
what is the general formula for cycloalkanes - ANSWER: CnH2n
How do you obtain kerosene from crude oil - ANSWER: fractional distillation
increase the temperature of the system to ensure each fraction vaporises and is collected
what are alkanes - ANSWER: saturated hydrocarbons containing single C-C and C-H bonds as σ-bonds
What is a sigma bond? - ANSWER: overlap of 2 orbitals directly between the nuclei of the bonding
atoms
what shape do alkanes have - ANSWER: 3D tetrahedral shape
What does an increase in chain length have on boiling points of alkanes? - ANSWER: -increased chain
length
-molecules have a larger surface area
-more surface contact between molecules
-stronger London forces
-more energy to overcome them
Give me 2 reasons why branching decreases boiling point? - ANSWER: -fewer surface points of contact
between molecules
-branches get in the way of branched molecules getting as close together as straight chain molecules
Why are alkanes unreactive? - ANSWER: - C-C and C-H sigma bonds are strong
- C-C and C-H bonds are non-polar
what are the limitations of radical substitution in organic synthesis - ANSWER: -further substitution
can continue until all hydrogen atoms have been substituted
-if the carbon chain is longer, we get a mixture of monosubstituted isomers
