Test Bank For Claytons Basic Pharmacology for Nurses 19th
Edition By Bruce Clayton, Michelle Willihnganz, Samuel
Gurevitz 9780323796309 / Chapter 1-48 / All Chapters with
Answers and Rationals
The anatomic parts of the body associated with the lower respiratory system - ANSWER: - Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveolar sacs
Ventilatory cycle - ANSWER: The primary function of the lower respiratory tract.
Ventilation - ANSWER: The movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing).
Inhalation - ANSWER: - The process of transport of air containing oxygen to the alveolar sacs,
exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide across the alveolar membranes containing blood capillaries,
and exhalation of "stale air," including carbon dioxide.
Perfusion - ANSWER: Blood flow through the pulmonary arteries to the capillaries surrounding the
alveoli and then to the pulmonary veins.
Diffusion - ANSWER: The process by which oxygen (O2) passes across the alveolar membrane to the
blood in the capillaries and carbon dioxide (CO2) passes from the blood to the alveolar sacs for
exhalation.
Two types of respiratory diseases - ANSWER: - Obstructive
- Restrictive
Obstructive airway diseases - ANSWER: - Those that narrow air passages, create turbulence, and
increase resistance to airflow.
- Diseases cause narrowing of the airways through smooth muscle constriction (bronchospasm),
edema, inflammation of the bronchial walls, or excess mucus secretion.
- Examples of obstructive lung disease are asthma and acute bronchitis.
Restrictive airway diseases - ANSWER: - Those in which lung expansion is limited from loss of elasticity
(e.g., pulmonary fibrosis) or physical deformity of the chest (e.g., kyphoscoliosis).
- Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are examples of both restrictive and obstructive lung diseases.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic airflow limitation disease (CALD) - ANSWER:
Patients who have persistent airflow limitation associated with chronic inflammation in the airways
and lung tissue due to noxious particles and gases are referred to as having chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic airflow limitation disease (CALD); the terms are used
interchangeably.
- Best indicators of overall pulmonary function (ventilation and diffusion) - ANSWER: - The partial
pressure of arterial blood gases (ABGs) (e.g., arterial partial pressure of oxygen [PaO2] and arterial
partial pressure of carbon dioxide [PaCO2]) and pH.
Determining ABGs - ANSWER: - A sample of arterial blood must be drawn and immediately analyzed
to measure the pH and partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
- Another measure that is more readily available and noninvasive is the oxygen saturation of
hemoglobin.
, Oxygen saturation (SaO2) - ANSWER: - The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the oxygen actually
bound to hemoglobin compared with the maximum amount of oxygen that could be bound to
hemoglobin.
- Oxygen saturations should generally be greater than 90%; in patients with normal lung function,
SaO2 values should be 95% to 99%.
TEST: pH - ANSWER: NORMAL VALUE: 7.35-7.45 (arterial)
RESULTS: >7.45 = Alkalosis; <7.35 = Acidosis
TEST: PaCO2 - ANSWER: NORMAL VALUE: 35-45 mm Hg
RESULTS: ↑ = Hypercapnia = respiratory acidosis; ↓ = Hypocapnia = respiratory alkalosis
*Abnormalities indicate respiratory acid-base imbalance.
TEST: HCO3 - ANSWER: NORMAL VALUE: 24-28 mEq/L
RESULTS: ↑ = Metabolic alkalosis; ↓ = Metabolic acidosis
*Abnormalities indicate metabolic acid-base imbalance.
TEST: PaO2 - ANSWER: NORMAL VALUE: 80-100 mm Hg
RESULTS: ↓ = Hypoxemia, hypoventilation; ↑ = Hyperventilation
*Measures the amount of oxygen moving through pulmonary alveoli into blood for transport to other
tissues; depends on the amount of inspired oxygen.
TEST: SaO2 - ANSWER: NORMAL VALUE: 95%
*Measures the ratio of actual oxygen content of hemoglobin compared with the hemoglobin's
oxygen-carrying capacity. When decreased, either there is an impairment of oxygen binding to
hemoglobin (e.g., metabolic acidosis) or inadequate amounts of oxygen are being inspired.
Spirometry studies - ANSWER: - Routinely used to assess the capability of the patient's lungs, thorax,
and respiratory muscles for moving volumes of air during inhalation and exhalation.
- Recommended that spirometry be used to diagnose airway obstruction in symptomatic patients.
- Should not be used as a screening tool for asymptomatic patients.
Patients with obstructive disease - ANSWER: Usually have a normal total lung capacity (TLC), difficulty
with expiration, decreased vital capacity (VC), and increased residual volume (RV).
Patients with restrictive disease - ANSWER: Have a decrease in all measured lung volumes.
FEV1/FVC - ANSWER: - The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and the forced vital capacity
(FVC) are the most commonly used pulmonary function tests.
- The FEV1 is used to determine the reversibility of airway disease and the effectiveness of
bronchodilator therapy.
Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) meter - ANSWER: - Not as accurate but is much less costly and more
readily available than other pulmonary function test equipment.
- Routinely used by patients at home and by healthcare providers to assess the benefits of therapy for
treating acute and chronic asthmatic symptoms.
- A patient is considered to have significant reversibility of airway obstruction if there is a 15% to 20%
improvement in the FEV1 or PEFR after bronchodilator therapy.
Tidal volume (TV) - ANSWER: Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting
conditions.
Vital capacity (VC) - ANSWER: Amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration.
Residual volume (RV) - ANSWER: Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.
Edition By Bruce Clayton, Michelle Willihnganz, Samuel
Gurevitz 9780323796309 / Chapter 1-48 / All Chapters with
Answers and Rationals
The anatomic parts of the body associated with the lower respiratory system - ANSWER: - Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveolar sacs
Ventilatory cycle - ANSWER: The primary function of the lower respiratory tract.
Ventilation - ANSWER: The movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing).
Inhalation - ANSWER: - The process of transport of air containing oxygen to the alveolar sacs,
exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide across the alveolar membranes containing blood capillaries,
and exhalation of "stale air," including carbon dioxide.
Perfusion - ANSWER: Blood flow through the pulmonary arteries to the capillaries surrounding the
alveoli and then to the pulmonary veins.
Diffusion - ANSWER: The process by which oxygen (O2) passes across the alveolar membrane to the
blood in the capillaries and carbon dioxide (CO2) passes from the blood to the alveolar sacs for
exhalation.
Two types of respiratory diseases - ANSWER: - Obstructive
- Restrictive
Obstructive airway diseases - ANSWER: - Those that narrow air passages, create turbulence, and
increase resistance to airflow.
- Diseases cause narrowing of the airways through smooth muscle constriction (bronchospasm),
edema, inflammation of the bronchial walls, or excess mucus secretion.
- Examples of obstructive lung disease are asthma and acute bronchitis.
Restrictive airway diseases - ANSWER: - Those in which lung expansion is limited from loss of elasticity
(e.g., pulmonary fibrosis) or physical deformity of the chest (e.g., kyphoscoliosis).
- Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are examples of both restrictive and obstructive lung diseases.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic airflow limitation disease (CALD) - ANSWER:
Patients who have persistent airflow limitation associated with chronic inflammation in the airways
and lung tissue due to noxious particles and gases are referred to as having chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic airflow limitation disease (CALD); the terms are used
interchangeably.
- Best indicators of overall pulmonary function (ventilation and diffusion) - ANSWER: - The partial
pressure of arterial blood gases (ABGs) (e.g., arterial partial pressure of oxygen [PaO2] and arterial
partial pressure of carbon dioxide [PaCO2]) and pH.
Determining ABGs - ANSWER: - A sample of arterial blood must be drawn and immediately analyzed
to measure the pH and partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
- Another measure that is more readily available and noninvasive is the oxygen saturation of
hemoglobin.
, Oxygen saturation (SaO2) - ANSWER: - The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the oxygen actually
bound to hemoglobin compared with the maximum amount of oxygen that could be bound to
hemoglobin.
- Oxygen saturations should generally be greater than 90%; in patients with normal lung function,
SaO2 values should be 95% to 99%.
TEST: pH - ANSWER: NORMAL VALUE: 7.35-7.45 (arterial)
RESULTS: >7.45 = Alkalosis; <7.35 = Acidosis
TEST: PaCO2 - ANSWER: NORMAL VALUE: 35-45 mm Hg
RESULTS: ↑ = Hypercapnia = respiratory acidosis; ↓ = Hypocapnia = respiratory alkalosis
*Abnormalities indicate respiratory acid-base imbalance.
TEST: HCO3 - ANSWER: NORMAL VALUE: 24-28 mEq/L
RESULTS: ↑ = Metabolic alkalosis; ↓ = Metabolic acidosis
*Abnormalities indicate metabolic acid-base imbalance.
TEST: PaO2 - ANSWER: NORMAL VALUE: 80-100 mm Hg
RESULTS: ↓ = Hypoxemia, hypoventilation; ↑ = Hyperventilation
*Measures the amount of oxygen moving through pulmonary alveoli into blood for transport to other
tissues; depends on the amount of inspired oxygen.
TEST: SaO2 - ANSWER: NORMAL VALUE: 95%
*Measures the ratio of actual oxygen content of hemoglobin compared with the hemoglobin's
oxygen-carrying capacity. When decreased, either there is an impairment of oxygen binding to
hemoglobin (e.g., metabolic acidosis) or inadequate amounts of oxygen are being inspired.
Spirometry studies - ANSWER: - Routinely used to assess the capability of the patient's lungs, thorax,
and respiratory muscles for moving volumes of air during inhalation and exhalation.
- Recommended that spirometry be used to diagnose airway obstruction in symptomatic patients.
- Should not be used as a screening tool for asymptomatic patients.
Patients with obstructive disease - ANSWER: Usually have a normal total lung capacity (TLC), difficulty
with expiration, decreased vital capacity (VC), and increased residual volume (RV).
Patients with restrictive disease - ANSWER: Have a decrease in all measured lung volumes.
FEV1/FVC - ANSWER: - The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and the forced vital capacity
(FVC) are the most commonly used pulmonary function tests.
- The FEV1 is used to determine the reversibility of airway disease and the effectiveness of
bronchodilator therapy.
Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) meter - ANSWER: - Not as accurate but is much less costly and more
readily available than other pulmonary function test equipment.
- Routinely used by patients at home and by healthcare providers to assess the benefits of therapy for
treating acute and chronic asthmatic symptoms.
- A patient is considered to have significant reversibility of airway obstruction if there is a 15% to 20%
improvement in the FEV1 or PEFR after bronchodilator therapy.
Tidal volume (TV) - ANSWER: Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting
conditions.
Vital capacity (VC) - ANSWER: Amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration.
Residual volume (RV) - ANSWER: Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.
