INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
W. Matthew Sattley
Christopher A. Gulvik
Sherry L. Seston
Heather Williamson Jordan
For
Brock Biology
of Microorganisms
FOURTEENTH EDITION
By
Madigan/Martinko/Bender/Buckley/Stahl
,Table of Contents
INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
CHAPTER 1 Microorganisms and Microbiology 1
CHAPTER 2 Microbial Cell Structure and Function 10
CHAPTER 3 Microbial Metabolism 26
CHAPTER 4 Molecular Microbiology 39
CHAPTER 5 Microbial Growth and Growth Control 51
CHAPTER 6 Microbial Genomics 62
CHAPTER 7 Metabolic Regulation 73
CHAPTER 8 Viruses and Virology 83
CHAPTER 9 Viral Genomes and Diversity 91
CHAPTER 10 Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea 102
CHAPTER 11 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 111
CHAPTER 12 Microbial Evolution and Systematics 124
CHAPTER 13 Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms 134
CHAPTER 14 Functional Diversity of Bacteria 148
CHAPTER 15 Diversity of Bacteria 159
CHAPTER 16 Diversity of Archaea 168
CHAPTER 17 Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms 175
CHAPTER 18 Methods in Microbial Ecology 182
CHAPTER 19 Microbial Ecosystems 190
CHAPTER 20 Nutrient Cycles 198
CHAPTER 21 Microbiology of the Built Environment 204
CHAPTER 22 Microbial Symbioses 210
CHAPTER 23 Microbial Interactions with Humans 219
iii
,CHAPTER 24 Immunity and Host Defense 226
CHAPTER 25 Immune Mechanisms 232
CHAPTER 26 Molecular Immunology 238
CHAPTER 27 Diagnostic Microbiology 244
CHAPTER 28 Epidemiology 254
CHAPTER 29 Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases 262
CHAPTER 30 Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases 274
CHAPTER 31 Water and Food as Vehicles of Bacterial Diseases 280
CHAPTER 32 Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungal and Parasitic Diseases 290
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
, CHAPTER
Microorganisms and Microbiology
1
Summary
Chapter 1 introduces the study of microbiology for students, most of whom will have had
little or no exposure to the subject. Consequently, you have a good opportunity to provide
an overview of microbiology that demonstrates the important roles microorganisms play in
human activities and in the ecology of the entire biosphere. The ability of microorganisms
to exist independently in nature as free-living cells (Figure 1.1) confers enormous adaptive
advantages over cells of macroorganisms, which are incapable of an independent existence.
1.1 | What Is Microbiology About and Why Is It Important?
Describe to students ways in which microbiology serves as both a basic and applied
biological science. From a basic perspective, the study of microorganisms has been the pri-
mary means by which the fundamental genetic and biochemical properties of living cells have
been revealed. From an applied perspective, microorganisms directly affect the quality of
human life in both detrimental and beneficial ways. Although microorganisms are the causa-
tive agents of some of the most important human, animal, and plant diseases, they are also
used for the industrial production of antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. Microorganisms
are also increasingly being used for beneficial purposes as diverse as bioremediation of pol-
luted sites, gene therapies for genetic diseases, and the production of biofuels. Microbiology
is therefore a science of far-reaching scope, with applications that affect the quality of human
life in a variety of ways.
You should also emphasize to students the importance of microorganisms in the emer-
gence and maintenance of higher forms of life. From the production of molecular oxygen
(by cyanobacteria) to the biogeochemical cycling of key elements, such as carbon, nitrogen,
and sulfur, microorganisms play a major role in sustaining all life on the planet. Point out in
your course introduction that for all the reasons summarized in this section, microbiology is
the foundation of all biological sciences.
1.2 | Structure and Activities of Microbial Cells
Because microorganisms generally exist as free-living cells, it is important to discuss the
characteristics of cells in general. Emphasize that all cells exhibit a nonrandom organization
with a semipermeable membrane boundary that encompasses an internal system that is not in
equilibrium with its environment. Point out that prokaryotic cells (i.e., all Bacteria and
Archaea) do not contain membrane-bound, internal organelles as traditionally described for
eukaryotic cells (the Eukarya; Figure 1.2). In particular, the organization of prokaryotic DNA
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 1
W. Matthew Sattley
Christopher A. Gulvik
Sherry L. Seston
Heather Williamson Jordan
For
Brock Biology
of Microorganisms
FOURTEENTH EDITION
By
Madigan/Martinko/Bender/Buckley/Stahl
,Table of Contents
INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
CHAPTER 1 Microorganisms and Microbiology 1
CHAPTER 2 Microbial Cell Structure and Function 10
CHAPTER 3 Microbial Metabolism 26
CHAPTER 4 Molecular Microbiology 39
CHAPTER 5 Microbial Growth and Growth Control 51
CHAPTER 6 Microbial Genomics 62
CHAPTER 7 Metabolic Regulation 73
CHAPTER 8 Viruses and Virology 83
CHAPTER 9 Viral Genomes and Diversity 91
CHAPTER 10 Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea 102
CHAPTER 11 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 111
CHAPTER 12 Microbial Evolution and Systematics 124
CHAPTER 13 Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms 134
CHAPTER 14 Functional Diversity of Bacteria 148
CHAPTER 15 Diversity of Bacteria 159
CHAPTER 16 Diversity of Archaea 168
CHAPTER 17 Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms 175
CHAPTER 18 Methods in Microbial Ecology 182
CHAPTER 19 Microbial Ecosystems 190
CHAPTER 20 Nutrient Cycles 198
CHAPTER 21 Microbiology of the Built Environment 204
CHAPTER 22 Microbial Symbioses 210
CHAPTER 23 Microbial Interactions with Humans 219
iii
,CHAPTER 24 Immunity and Host Defense 226
CHAPTER 25 Immune Mechanisms 232
CHAPTER 26 Molecular Immunology 238
CHAPTER 27 Diagnostic Microbiology 244
CHAPTER 28 Epidemiology 254
CHAPTER 29 Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases 262
CHAPTER 30 Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases 274
CHAPTER 31 Water and Food as Vehicles of Bacterial Diseases 280
CHAPTER 32 Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungal and Parasitic Diseases 290
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
, CHAPTER
Microorganisms and Microbiology
1
Summary
Chapter 1 introduces the study of microbiology for students, most of whom will have had
little or no exposure to the subject. Consequently, you have a good opportunity to provide
an overview of microbiology that demonstrates the important roles microorganisms play in
human activities and in the ecology of the entire biosphere. The ability of microorganisms
to exist independently in nature as free-living cells (Figure 1.1) confers enormous adaptive
advantages over cells of macroorganisms, which are incapable of an independent existence.
1.1 | What Is Microbiology About and Why Is It Important?
Describe to students ways in which microbiology serves as both a basic and applied
biological science. From a basic perspective, the study of microorganisms has been the pri-
mary means by which the fundamental genetic and biochemical properties of living cells have
been revealed. From an applied perspective, microorganisms directly affect the quality of
human life in both detrimental and beneficial ways. Although microorganisms are the causa-
tive agents of some of the most important human, animal, and plant diseases, they are also
used for the industrial production of antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. Microorganisms
are also increasingly being used for beneficial purposes as diverse as bioremediation of pol-
luted sites, gene therapies for genetic diseases, and the production of biofuels. Microbiology
is therefore a science of far-reaching scope, with applications that affect the quality of human
life in a variety of ways.
You should also emphasize to students the importance of microorganisms in the emer-
gence and maintenance of higher forms of life. From the production of molecular oxygen
(by cyanobacteria) to the biogeochemical cycling of key elements, such as carbon, nitrogen,
and sulfur, microorganisms play a major role in sustaining all life on the planet. Point out in
your course introduction that for all the reasons summarized in this section, microbiology is
the foundation of all biological sciences.
1.2 | Structure and Activities of Microbial Cells
Because microorganisms generally exist as free-living cells, it is important to discuss the
characteristics of cells in general. Emphasize that all cells exhibit a nonrandom organization
with a semipermeable membrane boundary that encompasses an internal system that is not in
equilibrium with its environment. Point out that prokaryotic cells (i.e., all Bacteria and
Archaea) do not contain membrane-bound, internal organelles as traditionally described for
eukaryotic cells (the Eukarya; Figure 1.2). In particular, the organization of prokaryotic DNA
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 1
