Test Bank For Research Design in Counseling 4th Edition By P.
Paul Heppner, Bruce E. Wampold, Jesse Owen, Mindi N.
Thompson, Kenneth T. Wang 9781305974050 Chapter 1-23
Complete Guide .
What is a research topic? - ANSWER: Something new (novelty), must contribute something to the field
In conducting research... - ANSWER: - Read previous research, reviews, books
- Talk to other professionals
- Relate to societal needs
- Interest, beliefs, values
- Applications or tests of theory
- Integration of different areas of research
What is a Research question? - ANSWER: Questions that explore the relationship among or between
constructs, can be measured
What is a Research hypothesis? - ANSWER: States the expected relationship between constructs
Descriptive questions - ANSWER: - What it's about, asks what some phenomena or events are like
- Describes the variables of interest with questions such as how much, how often, what percentage,
what is, etc.
- Ex. Types of events that trigger counselors
Difference questions - ANSWER: - Ask if there are differences between groups of people or within
individual participants
- Compare/constrast
- Ex. Pre and post COVID
Relationship questions - ANSWER: - Examine how two or more constructs are associated with each
other
- Predictors, related, associated, correlations
Operational definitions - ANSWER: - Concrete definitions so that constructs/variables/concepts can be
empirically tested
- Specifying the activities or operations necessary to measure construct in the experiment
Independent variable - ANSWER: - Manipulated variable
- Causal implications
- Known as predictor variable in non-experimental studies
Dependent variable - ANSWER: - Observed/measured variable
- Causal implications
- Known as criterion variable in non-experimental studies
Error variance - ANSWER: The amount of variability among the scores caused by chance or
uncontrolled variables
Confounding variable - ANSWER: A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an
effect in an experiment
, Why do we need science? - ANSWER: To extend our knowledge about human nature and evaluate our
services
- Promoting welfare or harming clients?
- Are our interventions effective?
4 ways of knowing - ANSWER: 1. Method of Tenacity
2. Method of Authority
3. Method of Intuition
4. Scientific Method
5. One's own direct experiences in the world
Method of Tenacity - ANSWER: Whatever you believe is true
Method of Authority - ANSWER: True because of higher authority (human or higher power), "because
I said so"
Method of Intuition - ANSWER: A sense or feeling
What is the Scientific Method? - ANSWER: - Knowledge is empirically based and verifiable, reduce bias
and develop credibility
Positivism - ANSWER: - Way of knowing that's very concrete, closely related to scientific method for
physical sciences
- Truth is knowable, clear, verifiable, objective
- correct/incorrect answers
- Ex. Math, biology, chemistry, etc.
Constructivism - ANSWER: - No "real" reality or absolute truth, ideas about the world are constructed
by individuals' meaning/perspective
- Perceptions are reality
Post-positivism - ANSWER: - Same as positivism, belief in a "real" reality
- Probabilistic statements rather than absolute statements about truth
- For Social sciences Ex. Psych, social work, counseling, etc.
Critical theory - ANSWER: - Social constructions are shaped by social, political, cultural, historical, and
economic forces (that have often been created and embedded in society by people in positions of
power)
- Activism, empowerment
Qualitative - ANSWER: - "language data"
- naturalistic and interpretive approach
- interviews, observation, artifacts
- Rich descriptions of data to make interpretations of meaning
Quantitative - ANSWER: - "numbers data"
- broad picture of the relationship between constructs assessed through numbers
- Aligned with post-positivism
The Bubble Hypothesis - ANSWER: Every piece of research and every research design is flawed
(strengths/weaknesses of every design)
Research Design - ANSWER: The tool of the researcher to develop a plan or a structure so that the
research is:
- Describes a phenomenon or identify relationships between constructs
- While ruling out as many plausible rival hypotheses or explanations (error, bias, distortion)
Paul Heppner, Bruce E. Wampold, Jesse Owen, Mindi N.
Thompson, Kenneth T. Wang 9781305974050 Chapter 1-23
Complete Guide .
What is a research topic? - ANSWER: Something new (novelty), must contribute something to the field
In conducting research... - ANSWER: - Read previous research, reviews, books
- Talk to other professionals
- Relate to societal needs
- Interest, beliefs, values
- Applications or tests of theory
- Integration of different areas of research
What is a Research question? - ANSWER: Questions that explore the relationship among or between
constructs, can be measured
What is a Research hypothesis? - ANSWER: States the expected relationship between constructs
Descriptive questions - ANSWER: - What it's about, asks what some phenomena or events are like
- Describes the variables of interest with questions such as how much, how often, what percentage,
what is, etc.
- Ex. Types of events that trigger counselors
Difference questions - ANSWER: - Ask if there are differences between groups of people or within
individual participants
- Compare/constrast
- Ex. Pre and post COVID
Relationship questions - ANSWER: - Examine how two or more constructs are associated with each
other
- Predictors, related, associated, correlations
Operational definitions - ANSWER: - Concrete definitions so that constructs/variables/concepts can be
empirically tested
- Specifying the activities or operations necessary to measure construct in the experiment
Independent variable - ANSWER: - Manipulated variable
- Causal implications
- Known as predictor variable in non-experimental studies
Dependent variable - ANSWER: - Observed/measured variable
- Causal implications
- Known as criterion variable in non-experimental studies
Error variance - ANSWER: The amount of variability among the scores caused by chance or
uncontrolled variables
Confounding variable - ANSWER: A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an
effect in an experiment
, Why do we need science? - ANSWER: To extend our knowledge about human nature and evaluate our
services
- Promoting welfare or harming clients?
- Are our interventions effective?
4 ways of knowing - ANSWER: 1. Method of Tenacity
2. Method of Authority
3. Method of Intuition
4. Scientific Method
5. One's own direct experiences in the world
Method of Tenacity - ANSWER: Whatever you believe is true
Method of Authority - ANSWER: True because of higher authority (human or higher power), "because
I said so"
Method of Intuition - ANSWER: A sense or feeling
What is the Scientific Method? - ANSWER: - Knowledge is empirically based and verifiable, reduce bias
and develop credibility
Positivism - ANSWER: - Way of knowing that's very concrete, closely related to scientific method for
physical sciences
- Truth is knowable, clear, verifiable, objective
- correct/incorrect answers
- Ex. Math, biology, chemistry, etc.
Constructivism - ANSWER: - No "real" reality or absolute truth, ideas about the world are constructed
by individuals' meaning/perspective
- Perceptions are reality
Post-positivism - ANSWER: - Same as positivism, belief in a "real" reality
- Probabilistic statements rather than absolute statements about truth
- For Social sciences Ex. Psych, social work, counseling, etc.
Critical theory - ANSWER: - Social constructions are shaped by social, political, cultural, historical, and
economic forces (that have often been created and embedded in society by people in positions of
power)
- Activism, empowerment
Qualitative - ANSWER: - "language data"
- naturalistic and interpretive approach
- interviews, observation, artifacts
- Rich descriptions of data to make interpretations of meaning
Quantitative - ANSWER: - "numbers data"
- broad picture of the relationship between constructs assessed through numbers
- Aligned with post-positivism
The Bubble Hypothesis - ANSWER: Every piece of research and every research design is flawed
(strengths/weaknesses of every design)
Research Design - ANSWER: The tool of the researcher to develop a plan or a structure so that the
research is:
- Describes a phenomenon or identify relationships between constructs
- While ruling out as many plausible rival hypotheses or explanations (error, bias, distortion)
