Test Bank For Research Design in Counseling 4th Edition By P.
Paul Heppner, Bruce E. Wampold, Jesse Owen, Mindi N.
Thompson, Kenneth T. Wang 9781305974050 Chapter 1-23
Complete Guide .
HOW WE LEARN - ANSWER: Authority-someone we perceive as an expert said so. We are taught to
not question, we believe becomes someone says so.
Intuition-we know because it makes sense, it agrees with reason.
Tenacity- we know it because we've always known, but we don't know why we know it.
Scientific methods-empirical test to establish fact. Design choice strength and limitations,
(alternative 5th learning style)Experiential- learning from your own reality. The clients have a very
different realty from their therapists.
Quantitative research - ANSWER: objective, reductionist. Typically born of qualitative research. post
positivism- truth cannot be fully known- and we use probable statements.
Hypothesis and null hypothesis- in results we can support the research hypo but we cannot prove it.
Goal is to reject the null hypothesis
Qualitative research - ANSWER: utilizes a sample, often blind. Bias is prevalent, must be reduced. No
truth will be discovered, only the truth the participants find as reality. Not easily generalized. Notes in
therapy are considered qualitative research. Bias is expected. constructivism-reality is constructed in
the mind of individuals and cannot be proven true or false. Critical theory- constructions take on the
appearance of social reality.
What is a research question? - ANSWER: A research question is simply a question about a topic. It
does not state the expected relationship
3 criteria
It is a question
It explores some type of relationship between variables.
It is measurable. (how do you plan to measure it-operational definitions come into
play,assessements,statistics)
What are the 3 types of research questions? - ANSWER: Descriptive- explain what, why happening-
generally is qualitative
Differences - comparison group to control group, status variables, looking at groups based on gender
or race- can be qualitative or quantitative
Relationship question- correlational, when one increase the other increases or decreases (inverse
relation)- generally quantitative
What is a hypothesis? - ANSWER: A hypothesis states the expected relationship.
Random sample - ANSWER: every one has an equal chance of being selected for the control group or
the treatment group.Purpose of random sampling is to remove systematic
Random assignment - ANSWER: those subjects randomly selected are then randomly assigned to a
control or experimental group.
Sampling bias - ANSWER: when everyone in the selection does not have an equal chance of being
selected
Systematic bias - ANSWER: some type of reason that people are being selected that makes it
nonrandom)
, Sample - ANSWER: intended to generalize result to the greater population
Steps to consider when creating a population sample; - ANSWER: Pinpoint certain characteristics
about the population you want to research (age, sex id, live, etc.) Define these characteristics as much
as possible. From here, identify your participant pool. First make sure they fit the target population
and that they are accessible to the research
Convenience sample - ANSWER: easily accessible population, like undergraduate students, but in
order to do research you takes what is available to you.
Challenges when creating a population - ANSWER: Geography presents the greatest challenges in
accessing the target population. Mail generally results in poor results. Internet has improved the
outcome of surveys and studies.
Any time you do research, they have to consent to participate. There are key differences in those who
will volunteer versus those who will not volunteer for research.
Power analysis - ANSWER: enough participants to generalize the findings. The likelihood you will
detect an effect when one is present.
Alpha Levels - ANSWER: Smaller alpha levels reduce the power and make it difficult to reject the null.
Typically under .05, sometimes .01 (rejecting the null hypothesis indicates there is a relationship,
more likely a type II error)
Tail tests - ANSWER: One tail test and two tail tests - one tail is going in one direction (+ or -), two tail
nondirectional
One tail tests are more powerful, two tail tests are cut in half and the area is limited in both directions
α =.05
Quantitative Design - ANSWER: We want to describe the nature of the relationships
Explanatory is going to be something that is explained
Exploratory is something to be explored
Survey Design - ANSWER: • Quantity
• Mass
• Distribution
• Questionnaire (efficient way to collect information, likely way to get responses back)
Survey Research - ANSWER: 1st must match
Define sample
Developing and selecting survey off shelf or creating own survey or design own survey
, the study of society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection
Scale construction - ANSWER: • Conceptualize and operationalize construct of interest
• Conduct literature review to make sure it is grounded in previous research
• Generate items, indicators and response formats (what is the question, how do they respond,
forced choice or not, multiple answers or just one answer; in each question deal with one central
thought, avoid awkward wording- it needs to make sense the first time they read, avoid irrelevant
information, present items in positive language, avoid double negatives, avoid absolute terms "all or
none" or indeterminate terms "frequently or sometimes")
• Conduct content analysis, pilot testing, revising, and administering the items - cn be done on peers
or subsample
• Sampling and data collection- testing the actual administration of the scale, a dry run.
• Translating and back translating the scale if necessary- applies only if you are going to translate into
other language
• Factor analysis, finalize items and testing the psychometric properties of the scale.
Multivariate - ANSWER: more than two variables
Paul Heppner, Bruce E. Wampold, Jesse Owen, Mindi N.
Thompson, Kenneth T. Wang 9781305974050 Chapter 1-23
Complete Guide .
HOW WE LEARN - ANSWER: Authority-someone we perceive as an expert said so. We are taught to
not question, we believe becomes someone says so.
Intuition-we know because it makes sense, it agrees with reason.
Tenacity- we know it because we've always known, but we don't know why we know it.
Scientific methods-empirical test to establish fact. Design choice strength and limitations,
(alternative 5th learning style)Experiential- learning from your own reality. The clients have a very
different realty from their therapists.
Quantitative research - ANSWER: objective, reductionist. Typically born of qualitative research. post
positivism- truth cannot be fully known- and we use probable statements.
Hypothesis and null hypothesis- in results we can support the research hypo but we cannot prove it.
Goal is to reject the null hypothesis
Qualitative research - ANSWER: utilizes a sample, often blind. Bias is prevalent, must be reduced. No
truth will be discovered, only the truth the participants find as reality. Not easily generalized. Notes in
therapy are considered qualitative research. Bias is expected. constructivism-reality is constructed in
the mind of individuals and cannot be proven true or false. Critical theory- constructions take on the
appearance of social reality.
What is a research question? - ANSWER: A research question is simply a question about a topic. It
does not state the expected relationship
3 criteria
It is a question
It explores some type of relationship between variables.
It is measurable. (how do you plan to measure it-operational definitions come into
play,assessements,statistics)
What are the 3 types of research questions? - ANSWER: Descriptive- explain what, why happening-
generally is qualitative
Differences - comparison group to control group, status variables, looking at groups based on gender
or race- can be qualitative or quantitative
Relationship question- correlational, when one increase the other increases or decreases (inverse
relation)- generally quantitative
What is a hypothesis? - ANSWER: A hypothesis states the expected relationship.
Random sample - ANSWER: every one has an equal chance of being selected for the control group or
the treatment group.Purpose of random sampling is to remove systematic
Random assignment - ANSWER: those subjects randomly selected are then randomly assigned to a
control or experimental group.
Sampling bias - ANSWER: when everyone in the selection does not have an equal chance of being
selected
Systematic bias - ANSWER: some type of reason that people are being selected that makes it
nonrandom)
, Sample - ANSWER: intended to generalize result to the greater population
Steps to consider when creating a population sample; - ANSWER: Pinpoint certain characteristics
about the population you want to research (age, sex id, live, etc.) Define these characteristics as much
as possible. From here, identify your participant pool. First make sure they fit the target population
and that they are accessible to the research
Convenience sample - ANSWER: easily accessible population, like undergraduate students, but in
order to do research you takes what is available to you.
Challenges when creating a population - ANSWER: Geography presents the greatest challenges in
accessing the target population. Mail generally results in poor results. Internet has improved the
outcome of surveys and studies.
Any time you do research, they have to consent to participate. There are key differences in those who
will volunteer versus those who will not volunteer for research.
Power analysis - ANSWER: enough participants to generalize the findings. The likelihood you will
detect an effect when one is present.
Alpha Levels - ANSWER: Smaller alpha levels reduce the power and make it difficult to reject the null.
Typically under .05, sometimes .01 (rejecting the null hypothesis indicates there is a relationship,
more likely a type II error)
Tail tests - ANSWER: One tail test and two tail tests - one tail is going in one direction (+ or -), two tail
nondirectional
One tail tests are more powerful, two tail tests are cut in half and the area is limited in both directions
α =.05
Quantitative Design - ANSWER: We want to describe the nature of the relationships
Explanatory is going to be something that is explained
Exploratory is something to be explored
Survey Design - ANSWER: • Quantity
• Mass
• Distribution
• Questionnaire (efficient way to collect information, likely way to get responses back)
Survey Research - ANSWER: 1st must match
Define sample
Developing and selecting survey off shelf or creating own survey or design own survey
, the study of society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection
Scale construction - ANSWER: • Conceptualize and operationalize construct of interest
• Conduct literature review to make sure it is grounded in previous research
• Generate items, indicators and response formats (what is the question, how do they respond,
forced choice or not, multiple answers or just one answer; in each question deal with one central
thought, avoid awkward wording- it needs to make sense the first time they read, avoid irrelevant
information, present items in positive language, avoid double negatives, avoid absolute terms "all or
none" or indeterminate terms "frequently or sometimes")
• Conduct content analysis, pilot testing, revising, and administering the items - cn be done on peers
or subsample
• Sampling and data collection- testing the actual administration of the scale, a dry run.
• Translating and back translating the scale if necessary- applies only if you are going to translate into
other language
• Factor analysis, finalize items and testing the psychometric properties of the scale.
Multivariate - ANSWER: more than two variables
