Test Bank For Research Design in Counseling 4th Edition By P.
Paul Heppner, Bruce E. Wampold, Jesse Owen, Mindi N.
Thompson, Kenneth T. Wang 9781305974050 Chapter 1-23
Complete Guide .
Scientist-Practitioner [SP] Model - ANSWER: Combines both clinical and research training, leading to
an integration of research and therapy, thus ensuring best-practice efforts
Purpose of the SP Model - ANSWER: Utilizing data to determine the focus of treatment, design
appropriate interventions, and evaluate outcomes
The Data-Based Problem-Solver Model [DBPS] - ANSWER: Empirically based literature is used to
define problems, formulate treatment goals, develop interventions, and collect data. Problem
identification is one of the critical links between research and practice because it facilitates
intervention planning and implementation.
Research - ANSWER: A systematic investigation that involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting
information in a sequential manner in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon of
interest.
Research Question - ANSWER: The general question that guides the direction of the research.
A statement of the problem and its significance.
Hypothesis - ANSWER: A tentative or potential answer to the proposed research question that is
informed by existing literature and understanding of the problem.
Characteristics - ANSWER: i.e., intelligence, interests, aptitude, achievements, and personality
Variables - ANSWER: Any trait, attribute, or characteristic that varies.
This element of a research study is observed or manipulated, and constitutes the means by which we
structure our observations about the data.
ESTs - ANSWER: Empirically Supported Treatments. Found to have important effects on specific
problems.
Quantitative designs - ANSWER: Research designs that collect numerical or categorical data.
Qualitative designs - ANSWER: Research designs that collect data in the form of narrative answers and
are often focused on a central phenomenon.
Experimental research - ANSWER: Research that attempts to define causality. It allows the research to
control or alter one variable's effect on another. The variable being manipulated in this way is called
the independent variable. The variable being studied is called the dependent variable.
Descriptive Research - ANSWER: Sets out to fully define the presence of a particular phenomenon. It
tells us how things are, and it is often the first step in any research process because it empirically
establishes the foundation for further lines of inquiry.
Relational or Correlational Research - ANSWER: Looks at the relationship between existing variables
and is concerned with linking or making an association between two or more phenomena. This type
of research results in the ability to determine whether X and Y are related and, if so, the pattern and
strength of the relationship.
, Descriptive research - ANSWER: Provides an overview of the actual presence of the variables.
Relational research - ANSWER: Describes for us how certain variables are in relation to other
variables.
Qualitative research - ANSWER: Focuses on the view and experience of the participant
Target population - ANSWER: Includes all the potential participants from which the research sample
could be drawn based on the research questions being investigated
Sample - ANSWER: Simply a portion of a total population.
Representative samples - ANSWER: Provide researchers access to the data needed and can provide
the same results as studying an entire population
Validity - ANSWER: The extent to which the results of a measurement or procedure actually serve the
purpose for which it is intended
Reliability - ANSWER: The extent to which the results of a measurement or procedure are consistent
from one administration to another. When a research design is replicated, and the results are not
statistically different from the original study.
Sampling - ANSWER: A means of identifying and selecting a portion of the total population
Random sampling - ANSWER: Every person in the population has an equal and independent
opportunity to participate in the research
Systemic sampling method - ANSWER: Involves choosing, for example, every fifth person on the list of
potential participants
Convenience or opportunity samples - ANSWER: Made up of the members of the larger population
that are most accessible to the researcher
Primary application of counseling research - ANSWER: Improving/controlling behavior. The scientist-
practitioner uses research as the basis for reflective practice and to generate ongoing rigor in clinical
skills
I.V. vs. D.V. - ANSWER: The Independent Variable causes changes to the Dependent Variable, the
stimulus changes the response, the input affects the output, cause and effect, CBT may affect
depression.
True experimental designs - ANSWER: Experimental designs that utilize both random assignment and
comparison groups
Quasi-experimental design - ANSWER: Design in which comparison groups are used without random
assignment
Three major types of experimental design - ANSWER: Pre-experimental designs: Easy to implement,
but the findings may not be reflective of what is being measured because of the absence of a
comparison group.
Quasi-experimental designs: Very common in social science research because of the use of non-
manipulated factors, which prevent random assignment of the independent variable.
True experimental designs: More complicated to implement, but the results are generalized more
easily because random assignment promotes group equivalency, and the effect of the independent
variable could be ascertained more easily due to the presence of a comparison group.
Paul Heppner, Bruce E. Wampold, Jesse Owen, Mindi N.
Thompson, Kenneth T. Wang 9781305974050 Chapter 1-23
Complete Guide .
Scientist-Practitioner [SP] Model - ANSWER: Combines both clinical and research training, leading to
an integration of research and therapy, thus ensuring best-practice efforts
Purpose of the SP Model - ANSWER: Utilizing data to determine the focus of treatment, design
appropriate interventions, and evaluate outcomes
The Data-Based Problem-Solver Model [DBPS] - ANSWER: Empirically based literature is used to
define problems, formulate treatment goals, develop interventions, and collect data. Problem
identification is one of the critical links between research and practice because it facilitates
intervention planning and implementation.
Research - ANSWER: A systematic investigation that involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting
information in a sequential manner in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon of
interest.
Research Question - ANSWER: The general question that guides the direction of the research.
A statement of the problem and its significance.
Hypothesis - ANSWER: A tentative or potential answer to the proposed research question that is
informed by existing literature and understanding of the problem.
Characteristics - ANSWER: i.e., intelligence, interests, aptitude, achievements, and personality
Variables - ANSWER: Any trait, attribute, or characteristic that varies.
This element of a research study is observed or manipulated, and constitutes the means by which we
structure our observations about the data.
ESTs - ANSWER: Empirically Supported Treatments. Found to have important effects on specific
problems.
Quantitative designs - ANSWER: Research designs that collect numerical or categorical data.
Qualitative designs - ANSWER: Research designs that collect data in the form of narrative answers and
are often focused on a central phenomenon.
Experimental research - ANSWER: Research that attempts to define causality. It allows the research to
control or alter one variable's effect on another. The variable being manipulated in this way is called
the independent variable. The variable being studied is called the dependent variable.
Descriptive Research - ANSWER: Sets out to fully define the presence of a particular phenomenon. It
tells us how things are, and it is often the first step in any research process because it empirically
establishes the foundation for further lines of inquiry.
Relational or Correlational Research - ANSWER: Looks at the relationship between existing variables
and is concerned with linking or making an association between two or more phenomena. This type
of research results in the ability to determine whether X and Y are related and, if so, the pattern and
strength of the relationship.
, Descriptive research - ANSWER: Provides an overview of the actual presence of the variables.
Relational research - ANSWER: Describes for us how certain variables are in relation to other
variables.
Qualitative research - ANSWER: Focuses on the view and experience of the participant
Target population - ANSWER: Includes all the potential participants from which the research sample
could be drawn based on the research questions being investigated
Sample - ANSWER: Simply a portion of a total population.
Representative samples - ANSWER: Provide researchers access to the data needed and can provide
the same results as studying an entire population
Validity - ANSWER: The extent to which the results of a measurement or procedure actually serve the
purpose for which it is intended
Reliability - ANSWER: The extent to which the results of a measurement or procedure are consistent
from one administration to another. When a research design is replicated, and the results are not
statistically different from the original study.
Sampling - ANSWER: A means of identifying and selecting a portion of the total population
Random sampling - ANSWER: Every person in the population has an equal and independent
opportunity to participate in the research
Systemic sampling method - ANSWER: Involves choosing, for example, every fifth person on the list of
potential participants
Convenience or opportunity samples - ANSWER: Made up of the members of the larger population
that are most accessible to the researcher
Primary application of counseling research - ANSWER: Improving/controlling behavior. The scientist-
practitioner uses research as the basis for reflective practice and to generate ongoing rigor in clinical
skills
I.V. vs. D.V. - ANSWER: The Independent Variable causes changes to the Dependent Variable, the
stimulus changes the response, the input affects the output, cause and effect, CBT may affect
depression.
True experimental designs - ANSWER: Experimental designs that utilize both random assignment and
comparison groups
Quasi-experimental design - ANSWER: Design in which comparison groups are used without random
assignment
Three major types of experimental design - ANSWER: Pre-experimental designs: Easy to implement,
but the findings may not be reflective of what is being measured because of the absence of a
comparison group.
Quasi-experimental designs: Very common in social science research because of the use of non-
manipulated factors, which prevent random assignment of the independent variable.
True experimental designs: More complicated to implement, but the results are generalized more
easily because random assignment promotes group equivalency, and the effect of the independent
variable could be ascertained more easily due to the presence of a comparison group.
