WGU BioChemistry C785 - Module 1
- ✔✔
Anticodon - ✔✔The three bases of the mRNA codon are complementary (i.e., they base-pair) to three
bases on the tRNA known as the anticodon
Antiparallel - ✔✔~ The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.
~ complementary sequence
~ Whenever 2 strands base pair, they are antiparallel to one another.
~ RNA is always antiparallel to the template strand
Base Excision Repair (BER) - ✔✔DNA damage repair mechanism where a single nucleotide is replaced,
1. DNA repair enzymes recognize and remove the damaged base
2. DNA pol adds a new nucleotide
3. ligase seals the remaining nick
Briefly explain the steps in a PCR cycle. - ✔✔1.) Need template DNA strand. DNA strands are separated
by heat. (Denaturation - heated to 95C)
2.) Primers anneal to DNA strands. (Annealing - the reaction is cooled to 50C)
3.) Extension of newly formed DNA by DNA Polymerase. (Elongation - DNA pol works well at 70C, so the
reaction is heated to this temp - this enables DNA pol to add nucleotides and allows building new
strands of DNA.)
4.) Cycle repeats.
,#1 TECHIQUE
make primers that flank the mutation and sequence the product
#2 TECHIQUE
use primers that stick to the mutation
- WILL HAVE LOW AMOUNT OF DNA/PRODUCT MADE, IF MUTATION IS NOT PRESENT
Central dogma of molecular biology - ✔✔DNA -> RNA -> Protein
a portion of the DNA, a gene, is transcribed to produce a complementary strand of RNA; then the RNA is
translated into protein .
-The understanding that DNA is used to make RNA and RNA is used to make protein
coding DNA strand (non template) is the same as _______ - ✔✔mRNA strand
Coding strand DNA and RNA - ✔✔Are not complementary
Not antiparrell
Just switch T with U in RNA
Codominance - ✔✔Occurs when the effects of both alleles appear in the heterozygote (one allele is not
dominated by the other)
ex. blood type
Codon - ✔✔During translation the tRNA "decodes" the mRNA three bases at a time. These three bases
located on mRNA are called a codon.
, Combinations of gametes from Two heterozygous parents( Bb + Bb) - ✔✔5% of the offspring will have
the homozygous dominant BB genotype, 50% will have the heterozygous Bb genotype, and 25% will
have the homozygous recessive bb genotype.
DNA - ✔✔-nucleic acid
-polymer
-made up of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and purine base
-purine base of DNA= adenine,guanine, cytosine, thymine
DNA and RNA are - ✔✔nucleic acids and polymers, which means they are made up of many smaller
units (monomers) connected together, much like a string of pearls.
The monomers of nucleic acids are known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide includes a nitrogen-
containing base, a five-carbon sugar or pentose (pente means "five" in Greek), and one or more
phosphates.
DNA Damage and Repair
KEY CONCEPTS - ✔✔A mutation in DNA can arise from DNA replication errors, by-products of cellular
processes, and environmental factors.
A variety of DNA repair pathways enable the cell to remove and repair many mutations that arise in the
DNA.
Base Excision Repair pathways repair damaged, single bases in the DNA
.
Nucleotide Excision Repair pathways repair damage that involves multiple nucleotides, such as thymine
dimers.
Mismatch Repair pathways correct mismatches resulting from DNA polymerase errors during
replication.
- ✔✔
Anticodon - ✔✔The three bases of the mRNA codon are complementary (i.e., they base-pair) to three
bases on the tRNA known as the anticodon
Antiparallel - ✔✔~ The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.
~ complementary sequence
~ Whenever 2 strands base pair, they are antiparallel to one another.
~ RNA is always antiparallel to the template strand
Base Excision Repair (BER) - ✔✔DNA damage repair mechanism where a single nucleotide is replaced,
1. DNA repair enzymes recognize and remove the damaged base
2. DNA pol adds a new nucleotide
3. ligase seals the remaining nick
Briefly explain the steps in a PCR cycle. - ✔✔1.) Need template DNA strand. DNA strands are separated
by heat. (Denaturation - heated to 95C)
2.) Primers anneal to DNA strands. (Annealing - the reaction is cooled to 50C)
3.) Extension of newly formed DNA by DNA Polymerase. (Elongation - DNA pol works well at 70C, so the
reaction is heated to this temp - this enables DNA pol to add nucleotides and allows building new
strands of DNA.)
4.) Cycle repeats.
,#1 TECHIQUE
make primers that flank the mutation and sequence the product
#2 TECHIQUE
use primers that stick to the mutation
- WILL HAVE LOW AMOUNT OF DNA/PRODUCT MADE, IF MUTATION IS NOT PRESENT
Central dogma of molecular biology - ✔✔DNA -> RNA -> Protein
a portion of the DNA, a gene, is transcribed to produce a complementary strand of RNA; then the RNA is
translated into protein .
-The understanding that DNA is used to make RNA and RNA is used to make protein
coding DNA strand (non template) is the same as _______ - ✔✔mRNA strand
Coding strand DNA and RNA - ✔✔Are not complementary
Not antiparrell
Just switch T with U in RNA
Codominance - ✔✔Occurs when the effects of both alleles appear in the heterozygote (one allele is not
dominated by the other)
ex. blood type
Codon - ✔✔During translation the tRNA "decodes" the mRNA three bases at a time. These three bases
located on mRNA are called a codon.
, Combinations of gametes from Two heterozygous parents( Bb + Bb) - ✔✔5% of the offspring will have
the homozygous dominant BB genotype, 50% will have the heterozygous Bb genotype, and 25% will
have the homozygous recessive bb genotype.
DNA - ✔✔-nucleic acid
-polymer
-made up of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and purine base
-purine base of DNA= adenine,guanine, cytosine, thymine
DNA and RNA are - ✔✔nucleic acids and polymers, which means they are made up of many smaller
units (monomers) connected together, much like a string of pearls.
The monomers of nucleic acids are known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide includes a nitrogen-
containing base, a five-carbon sugar or pentose (pente means "five" in Greek), and one or more
phosphates.
DNA Damage and Repair
KEY CONCEPTS - ✔✔A mutation in DNA can arise from DNA replication errors, by-products of cellular
processes, and environmental factors.
A variety of DNA repair pathways enable the cell to remove and repair many mutations that arise in the
DNA.
Base Excision Repair pathways repair damaged, single bases in the DNA
.
Nucleotide Excision Repair pathways repair damage that involves multiple nucleotides, such as thymine
dimers.
Mismatch Repair pathways correct mismatches resulting from DNA polymerase errors during
replication.
