Solutions Manual For Theories of Development Concepts and
Applications 6th Edition By William Crain 9780205810468 ALL
CHAPTERS .
Growth - ANSWER: Physical change and increase in size
Development - ANSWER: increase in the complexity of function and skill progression, the capacity and
skill of an individual to adapt to the environment. Behavioral aspect of growth.
Developmental stage - ANSWER: a qualitatively distinctive, coherent pattern of behavior that emerges
during the course of development
cephalocaudal - ANSWER: head to toe
Proximodistal - ANSWER: center of body outward
Personality - ANSWER: outward expression of inner (intrapersonal) self; the characteristic patterns of
thinking, feeling, behavior that make an individual unique.
Infancy: Birth - 18 months - ANSWER: Trust vs. Mistrust
Development of basic trust an sense of security
Lack of trust, sense of fear
Early Childhood- 18 months- 3 years - ANSWER: Autonomy vs. Sham and doubt
Basic awareness of independence; sense of autonomy and self control
Self doubt, sense of helplessness, heightened dependence on caregivers.
Late Childhood- 3-5 years - ANSWER: Initiative vs. guilt
Emergence of basic sense of self-guidance and self-discipline
Impaired self-initiative, insecurity regarding leadership ability
School age- 6-12 years - ANSWER: industry vs inferiority
Confidence in ability to attain goals, initial formation of identity apart from the nuclear family,
successful peer group integration.
Sense of incompetence, low self esteem, difficulty integrating into peer groups
Adolescence- 12-20 years - ANSWER: Identity vs. role confusion
Formation of strong sense of identity as an individual and as a member of society, identification of
personal and occupational goals
Role confusion, social alienation, potential substance abuse, potential development of antisocial
personality disorder
Young Adulthood- 18-25 years - ANSWER: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Development of healthy romantic relationships without compromising personal identity
Avoidance of intimacy, fear of commitment, isolation
Adulthood- 25-65 - ANSWER: generativity vs stagnation
Productivity and creativity, desire to care for and guide offspring (or next generation)
Self-preoccupation, primary attainment of pleasure through self-indulgence, stagnation.
Maturity- 65 years- death - ANSWER: Integrity vs. despair
Sense of peace concerning life experiences, life choices framed within a meaningful context,
development of wisdom.
Life experiences framed by bitterness and or regret; may progress to hopelessness and depression.
, Cognitive development - ANSWER: the emergence of the ability to think and understand
sensorimotor stage - ANSWER: in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during
which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Stage 1: Use of reflexes - ANSWER: Birth-1 month. Reflexes: sucking, rooting, grasping
Stage 2: Primary Circular reaction - ANSWER: 1-4 months. Infant responds reflexively. Objects are
extension of self
Stage 3: Secondary circular reaction - ANSWER: 4-8 months. Awareness of environment grows.
Changes in the environment are actively made as infant recognizes cause and effect.
Stage 4: Coordination of secondary schemata - ANSWER: 8-12 months. Intentional behavior occurs.
Object permanence begins.
Stage 5: Tertiary circular reaction - ANSWER: 12-18 months. Toddlers discover new goals and ways to
attain goals. Rituals are important.
Stage 6: Mental combinations - ANSWER: 18-24 months. Language gives toddlers a new tool to use.
Pre Operational Phase - ANSWER: 2-7 years. Young children think by using words as symbols.
Everything is significant and relates to "me". They explore the environment. Language development is
rapid. Words are associated with objects. As children get older egocentric thinking diminishes. They
think of one idea at a time. Words express thoughts.
Concrete operational - ANSWER: 7-11 years. Children solve concrete problems, begin to understand
relationships such as size, understanding right and left and recognize various viewpoints.
Formal operational phase - ANSWER: 11 years and up- Children use rational thinking. Reasoning is
deductive and futuristic.
Assimilation - ANSWER: process through which humans encounter and react to new situations by
using mechanisms they already possess.
Accommodation - ANSWER: adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new
information. Allowing to solve problems
Adaptation - ANSWER: ability to handle the demands made by the environment.
Self-efficacy - ANSWER: expectation that someone can produce a desired outcome.
Temperament - ANSWER: a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Resilience - ANSWER: Ability to function with healthy responses, even when experiencing significant
stress and adversity.
Protective factors - ANSWER: factors that limit individual vulnerability to harm
Risk factors - ANSWER: characteristics or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing a
medical disorder or disease
Easy child - ANSWER: A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines
in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.
Difficult child - ANSWER: A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular
daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
Applications 6th Edition By William Crain 9780205810468 ALL
CHAPTERS .
Growth - ANSWER: Physical change and increase in size
Development - ANSWER: increase in the complexity of function and skill progression, the capacity and
skill of an individual to adapt to the environment. Behavioral aspect of growth.
Developmental stage - ANSWER: a qualitatively distinctive, coherent pattern of behavior that emerges
during the course of development
cephalocaudal - ANSWER: head to toe
Proximodistal - ANSWER: center of body outward
Personality - ANSWER: outward expression of inner (intrapersonal) self; the characteristic patterns of
thinking, feeling, behavior that make an individual unique.
Infancy: Birth - 18 months - ANSWER: Trust vs. Mistrust
Development of basic trust an sense of security
Lack of trust, sense of fear
Early Childhood- 18 months- 3 years - ANSWER: Autonomy vs. Sham and doubt
Basic awareness of independence; sense of autonomy and self control
Self doubt, sense of helplessness, heightened dependence on caregivers.
Late Childhood- 3-5 years - ANSWER: Initiative vs. guilt
Emergence of basic sense of self-guidance and self-discipline
Impaired self-initiative, insecurity regarding leadership ability
School age- 6-12 years - ANSWER: industry vs inferiority
Confidence in ability to attain goals, initial formation of identity apart from the nuclear family,
successful peer group integration.
Sense of incompetence, low self esteem, difficulty integrating into peer groups
Adolescence- 12-20 years - ANSWER: Identity vs. role confusion
Formation of strong sense of identity as an individual and as a member of society, identification of
personal and occupational goals
Role confusion, social alienation, potential substance abuse, potential development of antisocial
personality disorder
Young Adulthood- 18-25 years - ANSWER: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Development of healthy romantic relationships without compromising personal identity
Avoidance of intimacy, fear of commitment, isolation
Adulthood- 25-65 - ANSWER: generativity vs stagnation
Productivity and creativity, desire to care for and guide offspring (or next generation)
Self-preoccupation, primary attainment of pleasure through self-indulgence, stagnation.
Maturity- 65 years- death - ANSWER: Integrity vs. despair
Sense of peace concerning life experiences, life choices framed within a meaningful context,
development of wisdom.
Life experiences framed by bitterness and or regret; may progress to hopelessness and depression.
, Cognitive development - ANSWER: the emergence of the ability to think and understand
sensorimotor stage - ANSWER: in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during
which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Stage 1: Use of reflexes - ANSWER: Birth-1 month. Reflexes: sucking, rooting, grasping
Stage 2: Primary Circular reaction - ANSWER: 1-4 months. Infant responds reflexively. Objects are
extension of self
Stage 3: Secondary circular reaction - ANSWER: 4-8 months. Awareness of environment grows.
Changes in the environment are actively made as infant recognizes cause and effect.
Stage 4: Coordination of secondary schemata - ANSWER: 8-12 months. Intentional behavior occurs.
Object permanence begins.
Stage 5: Tertiary circular reaction - ANSWER: 12-18 months. Toddlers discover new goals and ways to
attain goals. Rituals are important.
Stage 6: Mental combinations - ANSWER: 18-24 months. Language gives toddlers a new tool to use.
Pre Operational Phase - ANSWER: 2-7 years. Young children think by using words as symbols.
Everything is significant and relates to "me". They explore the environment. Language development is
rapid. Words are associated with objects. As children get older egocentric thinking diminishes. They
think of one idea at a time. Words express thoughts.
Concrete operational - ANSWER: 7-11 years. Children solve concrete problems, begin to understand
relationships such as size, understanding right and left and recognize various viewpoints.
Formal operational phase - ANSWER: 11 years and up- Children use rational thinking. Reasoning is
deductive and futuristic.
Assimilation - ANSWER: process through which humans encounter and react to new situations by
using mechanisms they already possess.
Accommodation - ANSWER: adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new
information. Allowing to solve problems
Adaptation - ANSWER: ability to handle the demands made by the environment.
Self-efficacy - ANSWER: expectation that someone can produce a desired outcome.
Temperament - ANSWER: a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Resilience - ANSWER: Ability to function with healthy responses, even when experiencing significant
stress and adversity.
Protective factors - ANSWER: factors that limit individual vulnerability to harm
Risk factors - ANSWER: characteristics or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing a
medical disorder or disease
Easy child - ANSWER: A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines
in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.
Difficult child - ANSWER: A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular
daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
