Solutions Manual For Theories of Development Concepts and
Applications 6th Edition By William Crain 9780205810468 ALL
CHAPTERS
The nurse is assessing a 20-month-old and learns that he is unable to stand alone. Which aspect of
development does the nurse identify as altered?
A) Behavior
B) Height
C) Motor
D) Growth - ANSWER: C) Motor
Rationale: Development is an increase in the complexity of function and skill progression, the capacity
of an individual to adapt to the environment. It includes changes in a person's cognitive, psychosocial,
and gross and fine motor skills. In this case, the child's inability to stand is indicative of a delay in
motor development. Growth refers to physical change and increase in size; it does not entail changes
in skills and abilities. Height is one indicator of growth. Behavior is a component of each
developmental stage and can sometimes indicate that development has taken place, but its absence
does not mean that development has not occurred.
What activity should the nurse implement for a 6-month-old client with gross motor delays?
A) Pull the child to a sitting position and prop the child in that position.
B) Encourage the child to hold a rattle or play patty-cake.
C) Talk to the child and play music.
D) Encourage the child to pull up to a standing position. - ANSWER: A) Pull the child to a sitting
position and prop the child in that position.
Rationale: The infant at 6 months should have head control and is working on sitting without support.
Pulling the child to a sitting position allows the neck muscles to support the head. Propping the child
in a sitting position helps to develop self-righting behaviors. It is too early to worry about standing.
Talking to the child promotes language development, not gross motor development. Handling a rattle
is a fine motor behavior, not a gross motor behavior.
Which activities should the nurse emphasize when teaching parents about how to foster development
in preschool-aged children?
A) Providing time for playing sports, such as basketball, to increase gross motor skills
B) Helping them develop skills needed in the adult world, such as allowance budgeting
C) Allowing "pretend" time, such as dress-up or role-playing activities
D) Presenting diversity in culture and practices as part of home-based study - ANSWER: C) Allowing
"pretend" time, such as dress-up or role-playing activities
Rationale: Preschool-aged children should be given activities that focus on make-believe and pretend
opportunities. Gross motor activities are also important, but children this age prefer activities such as
swinging, riding a tricycle, and throwing a ball to organized sports. School-age children are motivated
by activities that provide a sense of worth. They concentrate on mastering skills that will help them
function in the adult world. Understanding diversity, role preference, and performance is the task of
the adolescent.
A community nurse is planning an educational program supports the developmental tasks of adults
ages 50 to 60. According to Gould's theory, which task should be emphasized?
A) Engaging in self-reflection
B) Viewing personality as set
,C) Adjusting to decreasing physical capacities
D) Undergoing a period of transformation - ANSWER: D) Undergoing a period of transformation
Rationale: According to Gould, the seventh stage of adult development is experienced by individuals
ages 50-60 and is a period of transformation. Gould's theory states that personalities are set at ages
43-50, in stage 6. Adjusting to decreasing physical capacities is a part of Peck's theory, and self-
reflection occurs in stage 5 of Gould's theory, during the ages 35-43.
The nurse is conducting a psychoeducation group with male and female clients. The nurse observes
what appear to be differences in moral perspectives between the men and women. Which
observation is most consistent with Gilligan's theory of moral development?
A) The men are focused on human-made rules governing morality.
B) The women have difficulty looking at moral issues objectively.
C) The men believe that morality is tied to relationships and caring.
D) The women believe that it is most important not to inflict harm. - ANSWER: D) The women believe
that it is most important not to inflict harm.
Rationale: According to Gilligan, men tend to consider what is right to be what is just, whereas for
women what is right is taking responsibility for others as a self-chosen decision. The ethic of justice, or
fairness, is based on the idea of equality: Everyone should receive the same treatment. This is the
development path usually followed by men and widely accepted by moral theorists. By contrast, the
ethic of care is based on the premise of nonviolence: No one should be harmed. This is the path
typically followed by women.
According to Bandura's social learning theory, which of the following should the nurse advise the
parent of a preschool-aged child to do in order to help the child become independent in activities of
daily living?
A) Punish the child if he does not complete the personal care tasks independently.
B) Refuse to help the child with the tasks and insist he do them on his own.
C) Model the tasks and positively reinforce the child for completing the tasks independently.
D) Wait until the child reaches the concrete operational phase before asking him to complete the
tasks. - ANSWER: C) Model the tasks and positively reinforce the child for completing the tasks
independently.
According to Bandura, children imitate the behavior they see; if the behavior is positively reinforced
they tend to repeat it. Negative reinforcement like punishment is not part of Bandura's theory; it is
more closely aligned with Skinner's behaviorist theory. Refusing assistance to the child does not align
with Bandura's belief in the need for modeling. The concrete operational phase is part of Piaget's
theory and not Bandura's.
The nurse is assessing a child who was last seen in the clinic 2 years earlier. Which of the following
should the nurse anticipate as having remained relatively stable over time?
A) The child's behavior
B) The child's physical characteristics
C) The child's temperament
D) The child's home environment - ANSWER: C) The child's temperament
Rationale: Temperament refers to innate characteristics that do not change over time. Each individual
brings these characteristics to the events of daily life, and they set the stage for the interactive
dynamics of growth and development. Physical characteristics include eye color and height; although
some physical characteristics remain constant as a child grows, others do not. A person's
temperament shapes his or her behaviors; however, regardless of temperament, a child's behaviors
should be expected to change over time as a normal part of development. Finally, a child's home
environment may change at any time due to any number of factors.
, The nurse is performing developmental assessments on several children in a pediatric clinic setting.
The nurse should recognize that which child is exhibiting a delay in meeting the expected
developmental milestones? Select all that apply.
A) A 2-year-old who is unable to cut with scissors
B) A 2-year-old who cannot recite her phone number
C) A 3-year-old who is unable to speak in sentences
D) A 5-year-old who is unable to button his shirt
E) A 6-year-old who is unable to sit still for a short story - ANSWER: C) A 3-year-old who is unable to
speak in sentences
D) A 5-year-old who is unable to button his shirt
E) A 6-year-old who is unable to sit still for a short story
Rationale: A 5-year-old should be able to button his shirt. A 6-year-old should be able to sit still for a
short story; this is a task that children between 3 and 5 years old are typically able to do. A child who
cannot cut with scissors by kindergarten age is considered developmentally delayed, but a 2-year-old
is not expected to be able to do this. A 2-year-old is not expected to be able to recite a phone
number. A 3-year-old is usually able to speak in sentences.
The nurse is caring for an adolescent with a chronic illness who suddenly becomes non-compliant with
the medication regimen. Which intervention should the nurse choose to help improve medication
compliance for this client?
A) Give the client a computer-animated game that presents information on the management of the
condition.
B) Recommend to the client's parents that certain privileges should be taken away, such as cell phone
use and texting, if compliance fails to improve.
C) Arrange for the physician to discuss the risks related to noncompliance with medications to the
client.
D) Set up a meeting with some older teens with the same condition who have been managing their
disease effectively. - ANSWER: D) Set up a meeting with some older teens with the same condition
who have been managing their disease effectively.
Rationale: Providing the adolescent with positive role models from his or her peer group is the
intervention most likely to improve compliance. Interest in games might begin to wane at this age.
Adult opinions, even from a physician, could be viewed negatively and challenged. Threatening
punishment could further incite rebellion.
The nurse is teaching a school-aged client how to use a peak flow meter to monitor asthma. Which
approach by the nurse is most likely to result in the desired outcome?
A) Providing positive reinforcement after every attempt
B) Explaining that asthma can be fatal if not monitored and treated
C) Telling the client he cannot play until he learns to use the meter correctly
D) Using colloquialisms and slang when describing how to use the meter - ANSWER: A) Providing
positive reinforcement after every attempt
Rationale: A sense of achievement is very important to school-aged children, and rewarding and
reinforcing behavior is most effective. Scare tactics and negative reinforcement are not appropriate.
Nurses should use clear, concrete language to enhance understanding.
The nurse notes that an infant does not seem to respond to noises in the environment and has
difficulty following the movement of toys. Which diagnostic tools does the nurse anticipate will be
used to further assess this client? Select all that apply.
A) CT scan of the brain
Applications 6th Edition By William Crain 9780205810468 ALL
CHAPTERS
The nurse is assessing a 20-month-old and learns that he is unable to stand alone. Which aspect of
development does the nurse identify as altered?
A) Behavior
B) Height
C) Motor
D) Growth - ANSWER: C) Motor
Rationale: Development is an increase in the complexity of function and skill progression, the capacity
of an individual to adapt to the environment. It includes changes in a person's cognitive, psychosocial,
and gross and fine motor skills. In this case, the child's inability to stand is indicative of a delay in
motor development. Growth refers to physical change and increase in size; it does not entail changes
in skills and abilities. Height is one indicator of growth. Behavior is a component of each
developmental stage and can sometimes indicate that development has taken place, but its absence
does not mean that development has not occurred.
What activity should the nurse implement for a 6-month-old client with gross motor delays?
A) Pull the child to a sitting position and prop the child in that position.
B) Encourage the child to hold a rattle or play patty-cake.
C) Talk to the child and play music.
D) Encourage the child to pull up to a standing position. - ANSWER: A) Pull the child to a sitting
position and prop the child in that position.
Rationale: The infant at 6 months should have head control and is working on sitting without support.
Pulling the child to a sitting position allows the neck muscles to support the head. Propping the child
in a sitting position helps to develop self-righting behaviors. It is too early to worry about standing.
Talking to the child promotes language development, not gross motor development. Handling a rattle
is a fine motor behavior, not a gross motor behavior.
Which activities should the nurse emphasize when teaching parents about how to foster development
in preschool-aged children?
A) Providing time for playing sports, such as basketball, to increase gross motor skills
B) Helping them develop skills needed in the adult world, such as allowance budgeting
C) Allowing "pretend" time, such as dress-up or role-playing activities
D) Presenting diversity in culture and practices as part of home-based study - ANSWER: C) Allowing
"pretend" time, such as dress-up or role-playing activities
Rationale: Preschool-aged children should be given activities that focus on make-believe and pretend
opportunities. Gross motor activities are also important, but children this age prefer activities such as
swinging, riding a tricycle, and throwing a ball to organized sports. School-age children are motivated
by activities that provide a sense of worth. They concentrate on mastering skills that will help them
function in the adult world. Understanding diversity, role preference, and performance is the task of
the adolescent.
A community nurse is planning an educational program supports the developmental tasks of adults
ages 50 to 60. According to Gould's theory, which task should be emphasized?
A) Engaging in self-reflection
B) Viewing personality as set
,C) Adjusting to decreasing physical capacities
D) Undergoing a period of transformation - ANSWER: D) Undergoing a period of transformation
Rationale: According to Gould, the seventh stage of adult development is experienced by individuals
ages 50-60 and is a period of transformation. Gould's theory states that personalities are set at ages
43-50, in stage 6. Adjusting to decreasing physical capacities is a part of Peck's theory, and self-
reflection occurs in stage 5 of Gould's theory, during the ages 35-43.
The nurse is conducting a psychoeducation group with male and female clients. The nurse observes
what appear to be differences in moral perspectives between the men and women. Which
observation is most consistent with Gilligan's theory of moral development?
A) The men are focused on human-made rules governing morality.
B) The women have difficulty looking at moral issues objectively.
C) The men believe that morality is tied to relationships and caring.
D) The women believe that it is most important not to inflict harm. - ANSWER: D) The women believe
that it is most important not to inflict harm.
Rationale: According to Gilligan, men tend to consider what is right to be what is just, whereas for
women what is right is taking responsibility for others as a self-chosen decision. The ethic of justice, or
fairness, is based on the idea of equality: Everyone should receive the same treatment. This is the
development path usually followed by men and widely accepted by moral theorists. By contrast, the
ethic of care is based on the premise of nonviolence: No one should be harmed. This is the path
typically followed by women.
According to Bandura's social learning theory, which of the following should the nurse advise the
parent of a preschool-aged child to do in order to help the child become independent in activities of
daily living?
A) Punish the child if he does not complete the personal care tasks independently.
B) Refuse to help the child with the tasks and insist he do them on his own.
C) Model the tasks and positively reinforce the child for completing the tasks independently.
D) Wait until the child reaches the concrete operational phase before asking him to complete the
tasks. - ANSWER: C) Model the tasks and positively reinforce the child for completing the tasks
independently.
According to Bandura, children imitate the behavior they see; if the behavior is positively reinforced
they tend to repeat it. Negative reinforcement like punishment is not part of Bandura's theory; it is
more closely aligned with Skinner's behaviorist theory. Refusing assistance to the child does not align
with Bandura's belief in the need for modeling. The concrete operational phase is part of Piaget's
theory and not Bandura's.
The nurse is assessing a child who was last seen in the clinic 2 years earlier. Which of the following
should the nurse anticipate as having remained relatively stable over time?
A) The child's behavior
B) The child's physical characteristics
C) The child's temperament
D) The child's home environment - ANSWER: C) The child's temperament
Rationale: Temperament refers to innate characteristics that do not change over time. Each individual
brings these characteristics to the events of daily life, and they set the stage for the interactive
dynamics of growth and development. Physical characteristics include eye color and height; although
some physical characteristics remain constant as a child grows, others do not. A person's
temperament shapes his or her behaviors; however, regardless of temperament, a child's behaviors
should be expected to change over time as a normal part of development. Finally, a child's home
environment may change at any time due to any number of factors.
, The nurse is performing developmental assessments on several children in a pediatric clinic setting.
The nurse should recognize that which child is exhibiting a delay in meeting the expected
developmental milestones? Select all that apply.
A) A 2-year-old who is unable to cut with scissors
B) A 2-year-old who cannot recite her phone number
C) A 3-year-old who is unable to speak in sentences
D) A 5-year-old who is unable to button his shirt
E) A 6-year-old who is unable to sit still for a short story - ANSWER: C) A 3-year-old who is unable to
speak in sentences
D) A 5-year-old who is unable to button his shirt
E) A 6-year-old who is unable to sit still for a short story
Rationale: A 5-year-old should be able to button his shirt. A 6-year-old should be able to sit still for a
short story; this is a task that children between 3 and 5 years old are typically able to do. A child who
cannot cut with scissors by kindergarten age is considered developmentally delayed, but a 2-year-old
is not expected to be able to do this. A 2-year-old is not expected to be able to recite a phone
number. A 3-year-old is usually able to speak in sentences.
The nurse is caring for an adolescent with a chronic illness who suddenly becomes non-compliant with
the medication regimen. Which intervention should the nurse choose to help improve medication
compliance for this client?
A) Give the client a computer-animated game that presents information on the management of the
condition.
B) Recommend to the client's parents that certain privileges should be taken away, such as cell phone
use and texting, if compliance fails to improve.
C) Arrange for the physician to discuss the risks related to noncompliance with medications to the
client.
D) Set up a meeting with some older teens with the same condition who have been managing their
disease effectively. - ANSWER: D) Set up a meeting with some older teens with the same condition
who have been managing their disease effectively.
Rationale: Providing the adolescent with positive role models from his or her peer group is the
intervention most likely to improve compliance. Interest in games might begin to wane at this age.
Adult opinions, even from a physician, could be viewed negatively and challenged. Threatening
punishment could further incite rebellion.
The nurse is teaching a school-aged client how to use a peak flow meter to monitor asthma. Which
approach by the nurse is most likely to result in the desired outcome?
A) Providing positive reinforcement after every attempt
B) Explaining that asthma can be fatal if not monitored and treated
C) Telling the client he cannot play until he learns to use the meter correctly
D) Using colloquialisms and slang when describing how to use the meter - ANSWER: A) Providing
positive reinforcement after every attempt
Rationale: A sense of achievement is very important to school-aged children, and rewarding and
reinforcing behavior is most effective. Scare tactics and negative reinforcement are not appropriate.
Nurses should use clear, concrete language to enhance understanding.
The nurse notes that an infant does not seem to respond to noises in the environment and has
difficulty following the movement of toys. Which diagnostic tools does the nurse anticipate will be
used to further assess this client? Select all that apply.
A) CT scan of the brain
