PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
STANDARD QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS 2024 EDITION WITH A
GUARANTEED PASS.
How is T4 managed in cells? - ANSWER-It is converted into T3
What are the physiological effects of thyroid hormone? - ANSWER-
Increased heat production
Upregulation of protein degradation and lipid degradation and
synthesis
What does a thyroid deficiency in children do? - ANSWER-Impaired
growth (of nervous system in particular)
What does an iodine deficiency do? - ANSWER-Goiter --> too little
thyroid hormone, TSH high, thyroid hypertrophy
What does GH do? - ANSWER—
- raises blood sugar
- promote protein synthesis
- promote bone and cartilage growth
What do changes in GH levels do to children? - ANSWER-
Gigantism/dwarfism
What do changes in GH levels do to adults? - ANSWER-Acromegaly;
enlargement of extremeties
Why is there a difference in GH level effects in children versus adults?
- ANSWER-In children, there is bone growth stimulated while in adults
there is no bone growth, so only can promote cartilage/soft tissue
growth
,In what fashion are many hormones secreted? - ANSWER-Pulsatile
fashion
How much of the total body water volume does ICF account for? -
ANSWER-2/3
How much of the total body water volume does ECF account for? -
ANSWER-1/3
What is interstitial fluid? - ANSWER-extracellular fluid between cells
What is plasma? - ANSWER-liquid portion of blood
What ion(s) is predominant in ECF? - ANSWER-Na+, Cl-
What ion is predominant in ICF? - ANSWER-K+
What is osmosis? - ANSWER-diffusion of water across a semi
permeable membrane
What is osmotic pressure? - ANSWER-The total concentration of all
solutes
What is the van't Hoff equation? - ANSWER-pi = CRT ,, where pi is
osmotic pressure
What equation can you use to find J, the flow of water from inside to
outside? - ANSWER-J = L * (p(i) - pi(i) - (p(e)-pi(e)) ,, where L is the
water permeability of the membrane, p is the mechanical pressure,
and pi is the osmotic pressure
When is p(i,e) negligible? - ANSWER-For fluid movement between
intracellular and extracellular space
What are the units of osmotic pressure? - ANSWER-Pa = N/m^2 or
mmHg or mOsm
, What is 1 mOsm? - ANSWER-The osmotic pressure generated by 1
mM solute
How are ions moved across the membrane? - ANSWER-Ion channels
What are the two types of channel proteins? - ANSWER-Gated and
open
What is the typical membrane potential in cells? - ANSWER--70 mV
How can you calculate membrane potential? - ANSWER-Intracellular
voltage minus extracellular voltage
How can you calculate electrochemical potential? - ANSWER-mu =
RT ln(c) + zFv ,, where F is Faraday constant and z is the valence of
the ion
What is the extracellular concentration, intracellular concentration,
membrane voltage, and equilibrium potential of Na+? - ANSWER-145
mM, 15 mM, -60 mV, +61 mV
What is the extracellular concentration, intracellular concentration,
membrane voltage, and equilibrium potential of K+? - ANSWER-4.5
mM, 120 mM, -60 mV, -88 mV
What is primary active transport? - ANSWER-ATP is used to transport
ions, often against electrochemical gradient
What does NaK ATPase do? - ANSWER-Maintains a high K/low NA
intracellular ion concentration environment, Moves 3 sodium out of the
cell and two potassium into the cell with the help of ATP
What will the membrane potential be if only K channels are present? -
ANSWER--70 mV
What will the membrane potential be if only Na channels are present?
- ANSWER-50 mV
STANDARD QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS 2024 EDITION WITH A
GUARANTEED PASS.
How is T4 managed in cells? - ANSWER-It is converted into T3
What are the physiological effects of thyroid hormone? - ANSWER-
Increased heat production
Upregulation of protein degradation and lipid degradation and
synthesis
What does a thyroid deficiency in children do? - ANSWER-Impaired
growth (of nervous system in particular)
What does an iodine deficiency do? - ANSWER-Goiter --> too little
thyroid hormone, TSH high, thyroid hypertrophy
What does GH do? - ANSWER—
- raises blood sugar
- promote protein synthesis
- promote bone and cartilage growth
What do changes in GH levels do to children? - ANSWER-
Gigantism/dwarfism
What do changes in GH levels do to adults? - ANSWER-Acromegaly;
enlargement of extremeties
Why is there a difference in GH level effects in children versus adults?
- ANSWER-In children, there is bone growth stimulated while in adults
there is no bone growth, so only can promote cartilage/soft tissue
growth
,In what fashion are many hormones secreted? - ANSWER-Pulsatile
fashion
How much of the total body water volume does ICF account for? -
ANSWER-2/3
How much of the total body water volume does ECF account for? -
ANSWER-1/3
What is interstitial fluid? - ANSWER-extracellular fluid between cells
What is plasma? - ANSWER-liquid portion of blood
What ion(s) is predominant in ECF? - ANSWER-Na+, Cl-
What ion is predominant in ICF? - ANSWER-K+
What is osmosis? - ANSWER-diffusion of water across a semi
permeable membrane
What is osmotic pressure? - ANSWER-The total concentration of all
solutes
What is the van't Hoff equation? - ANSWER-pi = CRT ,, where pi is
osmotic pressure
What equation can you use to find J, the flow of water from inside to
outside? - ANSWER-J = L * (p(i) - pi(i) - (p(e)-pi(e)) ,, where L is the
water permeability of the membrane, p is the mechanical pressure,
and pi is the osmotic pressure
When is p(i,e) negligible? - ANSWER-For fluid movement between
intracellular and extracellular space
What are the units of osmotic pressure? - ANSWER-Pa = N/m^2 or
mmHg or mOsm
, What is 1 mOsm? - ANSWER-The osmotic pressure generated by 1
mM solute
How are ions moved across the membrane? - ANSWER-Ion channels
What are the two types of channel proteins? - ANSWER-Gated and
open
What is the typical membrane potential in cells? - ANSWER--70 mV
How can you calculate membrane potential? - ANSWER-Intracellular
voltage minus extracellular voltage
How can you calculate electrochemical potential? - ANSWER-mu =
RT ln(c) + zFv ,, where F is Faraday constant and z is the valence of
the ion
What is the extracellular concentration, intracellular concentration,
membrane voltage, and equilibrium potential of Na+? - ANSWER-145
mM, 15 mM, -60 mV, +61 mV
What is the extracellular concentration, intracellular concentration,
membrane voltage, and equilibrium potential of K+? - ANSWER-4.5
mM, 120 mM, -60 mV, -88 mV
What is primary active transport? - ANSWER-ATP is used to transport
ions, often against electrochemical gradient
What does NaK ATPase do? - ANSWER-Maintains a high K/low NA
intracellular ion concentration environment, Moves 3 sodium out of the
cell and two potassium into the cell with the help of ATP
What will the membrane potential be if only K channels are present? -
ANSWER--70 mV
What will the membrane potential be if only Na channels are present?
- ANSWER-50 mV
