Test Bank for Introduction to Aging A Positive Interdisciplinary
Approach 2nd Edition By Judith A. Sugar, PhD 9780826162939
Chapter 1-15 Complete Guide .
What are the five ways to define age? - ANSWER: Chronological, Biological, Psychological, Social,
Perceived/subjective
Chronological Age - ANSWER: age measured in years, months, and days from one's birth
Biological age - ANSWER: age based on body systems biomarkers (ie blood pressure, blood sugar, etc.)
Psychological age - ANSWER: individual's capability along various dimensions of cognitive or
emotional functioning (ie. memory, self-esteem, etc.)
Social age - ANSWER: based on society's expectations and the societal clock
Subjective/ perceived age - ANSWER: how old an individual feels themself to be
What are the steps in the aging process? - ANSWER: Primary, secondary, tertiary
Primary Aging - ANSWER: normal disease free biological aging process (ex: menopause)
Secondary Aging - ANSWER: changes related to disease (ex: parkinson's, cancer, etc.)
Tertiary aging - ANSWER: Terminal drop; rapid decline occurring shortly before death
Positive agers - ANSWER: -find satisfaction in life regardless of their personal circumstances or health
issues
-adopt affirmative lifestyle choices and positive spirituality
superagers - ANSWER: people in their 80s and 90s with brains and memories that seem more akin to
people in their 40s and 50s
Gerontology - ANSWER: study of aging
Ageism - ANSWER: prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age
personal ageism - ANSWER: ideas, attitudes, beliefs and practices on the part of individuals that are
biased against persons or groups based on their age
institutional ageism - ANSWER: ageism that is institutionalized at a structural/systemic level
intentional ageism - ANSWER: intentionally discriminating (explicit)
unintentional ageism - ANSWER: unintentionally discriminating (implicit)
How is ageism perpetuated in society - ANSWER: through language, popular culture, and in
institutions
Elderspeak - ANSWER: A condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk,
with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher
pitch than used in normal speech.
, Life span development is a function of dynamic interaction of... - ANSWER: growth, maintenance, loss
regulation
4 key principles of life span perspective - ANSWER: multidirectionality, plasticity, historical context,
multiple causation
multidirectionality - ANSWER: developmental pattern in which some aspects of intelligence improve
and other aspects decline during adulthood
Plasticity - ANSWER: the brain's ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new
pathways based on experience
Historical context - ANSWER: the historical time period in which one grows up in which can impact
their development
multiple cuasation - ANSWER: the joint function of different forces (biological, cultural, historical, etc.)
Since 2020, COVID resulted in what life expectancy? - ANSWER: 77.0 (the lowest since 2003); fell by a
1.8 years
Life expectancy of males in 2020 - ANSWER: decreased from 76.3 to 74.2
Life expectancy for female in 2020 - ANSWER: decreased from 81.4 to 79.9
What group experienced the largest decline in life expectancy in 2020? - ANSWER: Hispanic
Americans
Current population trend - ANSWER: there are more older adults now than ever before; fasted
growing population is people 65+
By 2030... - ANSWER: all baby boomers will be 65+ and make up 1/5 of the population
By 2060... - ANSWER: - 1/4 americans will be 65+
-# of people 85+ will triple
-there will be a half million more centenarians
Aging in men vs. woman - ANSWER: gender gap is narrowing but women live longer
aging in minorities vs. whites - ANSWER: racial gap is narrowing with older minorities lifespan
increasing
biopsychosocial framework - ANSWER: a useful way to organize the biological, psychological,
sociocultural, and life-cycle forces on human development
Biological forces - ANSWER: genetic and health related factors that impact development (physiological
functions decline w age)
Psychological forces - ANSWER: internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, personality factors
impacting development (normal and abnormal changes occur w aging)
Sociocultural forces - ANSWER: interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect
development (race/ethnicity, gender, SES, sexual orientation, stereotypes, cultural context)
Life-cycle forces - ANSWER: reflect differences in how the same event affects people at different
points in their lives (historical context)
Approach 2nd Edition By Judith A. Sugar, PhD 9780826162939
Chapter 1-15 Complete Guide .
What are the five ways to define age? - ANSWER: Chronological, Biological, Psychological, Social,
Perceived/subjective
Chronological Age - ANSWER: age measured in years, months, and days from one's birth
Biological age - ANSWER: age based on body systems biomarkers (ie blood pressure, blood sugar, etc.)
Psychological age - ANSWER: individual's capability along various dimensions of cognitive or
emotional functioning (ie. memory, self-esteem, etc.)
Social age - ANSWER: based on society's expectations and the societal clock
Subjective/ perceived age - ANSWER: how old an individual feels themself to be
What are the steps in the aging process? - ANSWER: Primary, secondary, tertiary
Primary Aging - ANSWER: normal disease free biological aging process (ex: menopause)
Secondary Aging - ANSWER: changes related to disease (ex: parkinson's, cancer, etc.)
Tertiary aging - ANSWER: Terminal drop; rapid decline occurring shortly before death
Positive agers - ANSWER: -find satisfaction in life regardless of their personal circumstances or health
issues
-adopt affirmative lifestyle choices and positive spirituality
superagers - ANSWER: people in their 80s and 90s with brains and memories that seem more akin to
people in their 40s and 50s
Gerontology - ANSWER: study of aging
Ageism - ANSWER: prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age
personal ageism - ANSWER: ideas, attitudes, beliefs and practices on the part of individuals that are
biased against persons or groups based on their age
institutional ageism - ANSWER: ageism that is institutionalized at a structural/systemic level
intentional ageism - ANSWER: intentionally discriminating (explicit)
unintentional ageism - ANSWER: unintentionally discriminating (implicit)
How is ageism perpetuated in society - ANSWER: through language, popular culture, and in
institutions
Elderspeak - ANSWER: A condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk,
with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher
pitch than used in normal speech.
, Life span development is a function of dynamic interaction of... - ANSWER: growth, maintenance, loss
regulation
4 key principles of life span perspective - ANSWER: multidirectionality, plasticity, historical context,
multiple causation
multidirectionality - ANSWER: developmental pattern in which some aspects of intelligence improve
and other aspects decline during adulthood
Plasticity - ANSWER: the brain's ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new
pathways based on experience
Historical context - ANSWER: the historical time period in which one grows up in which can impact
their development
multiple cuasation - ANSWER: the joint function of different forces (biological, cultural, historical, etc.)
Since 2020, COVID resulted in what life expectancy? - ANSWER: 77.0 (the lowest since 2003); fell by a
1.8 years
Life expectancy of males in 2020 - ANSWER: decreased from 76.3 to 74.2
Life expectancy for female in 2020 - ANSWER: decreased from 81.4 to 79.9
What group experienced the largest decline in life expectancy in 2020? - ANSWER: Hispanic
Americans
Current population trend - ANSWER: there are more older adults now than ever before; fasted
growing population is people 65+
By 2030... - ANSWER: all baby boomers will be 65+ and make up 1/5 of the population
By 2060... - ANSWER: - 1/4 americans will be 65+
-# of people 85+ will triple
-there will be a half million more centenarians
Aging in men vs. woman - ANSWER: gender gap is narrowing but women live longer
aging in minorities vs. whites - ANSWER: racial gap is narrowing with older minorities lifespan
increasing
biopsychosocial framework - ANSWER: a useful way to organize the biological, psychological,
sociocultural, and life-cycle forces on human development
Biological forces - ANSWER: genetic and health related factors that impact development (physiological
functions decline w age)
Psychological forces - ANSWER: internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, personality factors
impacting development (normal and abnormal changes occur w aging)
Sociocultural forces - ANSWER: interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect
development (race/ethnicity, gender, SES, sexual orientation, stereotypes, cultural context)
Life-cycle forces - ANSWER: reflect differences in how the same event affects people at different
points in their lives (historical context)
