Solutions Manual For Neurophysiology A Conceptual
Approach 5th Edition By Roger Carpenter, Benjamin Reddi
9781444135176 ALL Chapters .
Describe an interneuron - ANSWER: Shorter axon or no axons at all.
What cells are interneurons - ANSWER: bipolar and amacrine cells
What is the function of an interneuron - ANSWER: receive and send information locally
Define an excitatory response - ANSWER: increases activity of the target, may be principal or
interneuron
Derine an inhibitory response - ANSWER: decreases activity of the target, may be principal or
interneuron
Can a single neuron be both excitatory and inhibitory? - ANSWER: Yes
Describe the CNS - ANSWER: Anything that inside the dura mater is the CNS, axons of the CNS can be
found in the PNS
Describe the PNS - ANSWER: Anything that is outside the dura mater. Axons of the PNS can be found
in the CNS
Describe what is found in the cell body of a neuron - ANSWER: 1)nucleus, DNA, controls function
2)mitochondria in cytoplasm (energy), 2)nissile bodies
What are nissile bodies? - ANSWER: They produce macromolecules and proteins within the cell
What does the size of the cell body depend on? - ANSWER: depends on how many dendrites the
neuron has
What takes place at the axon hillock? - ANSWER: This is where we start to see NA+ channels that
cause action potentials.
What is not found in the axon hillock? - ANSWER: No nissile bodies are found here. No protein
production
Where does the axon hillock get all its proteins from? - ANSWER: from the cell body
What is the importance of the initial segment of the axon? - ANSWER: It is where the action potentials
are usually initiated
Describe the internodal segment - ANSWER: It is a myelinated segment between two nodes of ranvier
What are nodes of ranvier? - ANSWER: They are areas where myelins thins out or is absent.
What is the only area of the neuron where depolarization occurs? - ANSWER: At the nodes of ranvier
What are collateral branches? - ANSWER: Numerous branches which can go to all of the same or
different neurons.
, Describe dendrites - ANSWER: They are extensions of the cell body, with the same membranes and
organelles as the cell body.
What are two anatomical parts of the dendrites? - ANSWER: 1)shaft: initial branch coming off of cell
body 2)spine: small branches that comes off of the shaft
In what part of the dendrites are the synapses located? - ANSWER: At the spine
What is an axondendritic synapse? - ANSWER: Most common, axon synapses with dendrites
What is an axosomatic synapse? - ANSWER: axons synapses with cell body
What is an axoaxonic synapse? - ANSWER: axons synapses with another axon
Describe a bipolar neuron - ANSWER: Has 2 extensions off the cell body (axon+2 dendrites)
Describe a multipolar neuron - ANSWER: Has many branches of dendrites from the cell body, most
common
Describe a uni-polar neuron - ANSWER: Has 1 branch coming off dendrite from the cell body
(axon+dendrite), least common
What is the most common type of neuron? - ANSWER: Multipolar
What is the least common type of neuron? - ANSWER: Uni-polar
What are the functions of glial cells - ANSWER: 1)support neurons 2)form protective coating around
neurons 3)produce blood vessels in blood brain barrier
What are the 2 types of glial cells in the PNS? - ANSWER: 1)Schwaan cells 2)Satellite cells
What are the functions of Schwaan cells? - ANSWER: produces myelin in the PNS. One schwaan cell
produces one myelin on one axon (1:1:1). Looks like thin dark dots within the axons
What are the functions of satellite cells? - ANSWER: Surrounds neuronal cell body in the PNS. Forms a
protective coating (looks like a satellite orbiting a planet)
What are the 2 types of Glial cells in the CNS? - ANSWER: 1)oligodendrocytes 2)astrocytes
What are the functions of oligodendrocytes? - ANSWER: 1 oligodendrocyte can form up to 2-50
myelin on 50 axons.
What are the functions of astrocytes? - ANSWER: 1)separates out cells and processes 2)foot plate
have blood vessles that forms the blood brain barrier 3)when cells are dead during a stroke,
astrocytes fill in space
Where are astrocytes found? - ANSWER: Found in the gray (protoplasmic) and white matter (fibrous)
What cell proliferates when the cell in the brain is injured? - ANSWER: Astrocytes
What are the functions of microglial cells and where are they found? - ANSWER: Small cells that are
phagocytic (removes bacteria and debris). Found in both white and gray matter.
What are the 3 specialized glial cells? - ANSWER: 1)ependylmal cells 2)muller cells 3)radial cells
What are the functions of the ependylmal cells? - ANSWER: they line the ventricular surfaces
Approach 5th Edition By Roger Carpenter, Benjamin Reddi
9781444135176 ALL Chapters .
Describe an interneuron - ANSWER: Shorter axon or no axons at all.
What cells are interneurons - ANSWER: bipolar and amacrine cells
What is the function of an interneuron - ANSWER: receive and send information locally
Define an excitatory response - ANSWER: increases activity of the target, may be principal or
interneuron
Derine an inhibitory response - ANSWER: decreases activity of the target, may be principal or
interneuron
Can a single neuron be both excitatory and inhibitory? - ANSWER: Yes
Describe the CNS - ANSWER: Anything that inside the dura mater is the CNS, axons of the CNS can be
found in the PNS
Describe the PNS - ANSWER: Anything that is outside the dura mater. Axons of the PNS can be found
in the CNS
Describe what is found in the cell body of a neuron - ANSWER: 1)nucleus, DNA, controls function
2)mitochondria in cytoplasm (energy), 2)nissile bodies
What are nissile bodies? - ANSWER: They produce macromolecules and proteins within the cell
What does the size of the cell body depend on? - ANSWER: depends on how many dendrites the
neuron has
What takes place at the axon hillock? - ANSWER: This is where we start to see NA+ channels that
cause action potentials.
What is not found in the axon hillock? - ANSWER: No nissile bodies are found here. No protein
production
Where does the axon hillock get all its proteins from? - ANSWER: from the cell body
What is the importance of the initial segment of the axon? - ANSWER: It is where the action potentials
are usually initiated
Describe the internodal segment - ANSWER: It is a myelinated segment between two nodes of ranvier
What are nodes of ranvier? - ANSWER: They are areas where myelins thins out or is absent.
What is the only area of the neuron where depolarization occurs? - ANSWER: At the nodes of ranvier
What are collateral branches? - ANSWER: Numerous branches which can go to all of the same or
different neurons.
, Describe dendrites - ANSWER: They are extensions of the cell body, with the same membranes and
organelles as the cell body.
What are two anatomical parts of the dendrites? - ANSWER: 1)shaft: initial branch coming off of cell
body 2)spine: small branches that comes off of the shaft
In what part of the dendrites are the synapses located? - ANSWER: At the spine
What is an axondendritic synapse? - ANSWER: Most common, axon synapses with dendrites
What is an axosomatic synapse? - ANSWER: axons synapses with cell body
What is an axoaxonic synapse? - ANSWER: axons synapses with another axon
Describe a bipolar neuron - ANSWER: Has 2 extensions off the cell body (axon+2 dendrites)
Describe a multipolar neuron - ANSWER: Has many branches of dendrites from the cell body, most
common
Describe a uni-polar neuron - ANSWER: Has 1 branch coming off dendrite from the cell body
(axon+dendrite), least common
What is the most common type of neuron? - ANSWER: Multipolar
What is the least common type of neuron? - ANSWER: Uni-polar
What are the functions of glial cells - ANSWER: 1)support neurons 2)form protective coating around
neurons 3)produce blood vessels in blood brain barrier
What are the 2 types of glial cells in the PNS? - ANSWER: 1)Schwaan cells 2)Satellite cells
What are the functions of Schwaan cells? - ANSWER: produces myelin in the PNS. One schwaan cell
produces one myelin on one axon (1:1:1). Looks like thin dark dots within the axons
What are the functions of satellite cells? - ANSWER: Surrounds neuronal cell body in the PNS. Forms a
protective coating (looks like a satellite orbiting a planet)
What are the 2 types of Glial cells in the CNS? - ANSWER: 1)oligodendrocytes 2)astrocytes
What are the functions of oligodendrocytes? - ANSWER: 1 oligodendrocyte can form up to 2-50
myelin on 50 axons.
What are the functions of astrocytes? - ANSWER: 1)separates out cells and processes 2)foot plate
have blood vessles that forms the blood brain barrier 3)when cells are dead during a stroke,
astrocytes fill in space
Where are astrocytes found? - ANSWER: Found in the gray (protoplasmic) and white matter (fibrous)
What cell proliferates when the cell in the brain is injured? - ANSWER: Astrocytes
What are the functions of microglial cells and where are they found? - ANSWER: Small cells that are
phagocytic (removes bacteria and debris). Found in both white and gray matter.
What are the 3 specialized glial cells? - ANSWER: 1)ependylmal cells 2)muller cells 3)radial cells
What are the functions of the ependylmal cells? - ANSWER: they line the ventricular surfaces
