Bio 1500 Mizzou Schul TEST 2 Questions With Answers Graded A+ Assured Success

Fitness - the genetic contribution of an individual to the next generation's gene pool relative to the average for the population, usually measured by the number of offspring or close kin that survive to reproductive age. Memorize the four postulates of natural selection. - 1. Individuals vary their traits 2. Some of the variation is heritable and is passed to offspring 3. More offspring are produced than survive to reproduce 4. Survival and reproduction are non-random; those with favorable traits reproduce most and pass their genes to the next generation Know the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - Prokaryotes: unicellular, nucleoid, no membrane bound organelles, small Eukaryotes: uni or multicellular, nucleus, membrane bound organelles, large Categorize different energy forms as 'kinetic' or 'potential' - Kinetic energy: the energy of movement □ Includes heat, light, electricity Potential energy: stored energy □ Includes chemical energy □ You can store energy in chemical bonds Apply the First Law of Thermodynamics - Energy is never created or destroyed, but it can change form Describe the mechanism of diffusion at the level of single particles - particles move from high to low concentration Describe the pattern observed due to diffusion and the level of many particles - randomExplain how the behavior of single particles explains the observed pattern at the many particles level - probability Identify the wavelengths (i.e. colors) of light absorbed by chlorophyll - red, blue and violet light The main transport form and immediate source of energy in cells - ATP Describe the chemical and energetic changes that occur as ADP cycles to ATP and back again to ADP - E leaves ATP which makes ADP Recall the processes that lead to the Great Oxygen Event & how earth looked before and after this event - Cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis which created O2 as a side effect which lead to Great Oxygen Event Before: all organisms heterotrophic prokaryotes After: Set the stage for geology and biology as we know it today Assess the different outcomes of the great oxygen revolution regarding their consequences for life on earth and for earth's geology and atmosphere. - Minerals formed □ Banded iron ore Ozone layer formed □ Protection from UV-light Free O2 is toxic to cells □ Led to global mass extinction O2 reacted with Methane (greenhouse gas), removing it from the atmosphere □ Led to snowball ice age (2.4-2.1 bya) Some prokaryotes evolved ways to use O2 □ Leading to evolution of cellular respiration (later) Eukaryotes with chloroplasts □ More effective photosynthesis □ Even higher O2 levels□ (much later) Evolution of multicellular life Generated new niches □ opportunities to diversify Describe the relationships between the terms chromosome, gene, allele, and DNA. - Gene: a segment of DNA with instructions for building a protein □Specifies the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein Alleles: different possible forms of the same gene □ Differ in DNA sequence and therefore in protein structure they code for □ There may be many different alleles of the same gene □Any one person can max. of two different alleles • Because of two copies of chromosomes